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MD 9395 Paper 1 Block 3 > The Nature, Scale and Development of the Travel and Tourism Industry > Flashcards

The Nature, Scale and Development of the Travel and Tourism Industry Flashcards

1
Q

1) Define Travel & Tourism

A
  • The activities of person travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes
  • The temporary, short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work, and their activities during their stay at these destinations
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2
Q

2) What are the main types of tourism?

A

-> Domestic Tourism
• involves residents of a country travelling only within their country
• easy form of tourism as there are no language, currency or documentation barriers

-> Inbound Tourism
• defined as travellers arriving in a different country from their own
• also known as incoming tourism

-> Outbound Tourism
• defined as travellers leaving their own country to go abroad
• also known as outgoing tourism

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3
Q

3) What are the reasons why people travel?

A

Leisure Travel, Business Travel and VFR (Visiting Friends & Relatives)

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4
Q

4) What is Leisure Travel?

A
  • It is the most common type and covers holidays, long hail trips, short breaks and day visits tor tourist attractions – it therefore includes all recreational travel
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5
Q

5) What is Business Travel?

A
  • Includes all travel for business purposes such as: a meeting, conference, exhibition or trade fair
  • Business Travelers will have little choice in their destination or timing of the trip
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6
Q

6) What are the needs of Business Travelers?

A
  • Business will need:
    • Convenience of frequent and regular transport,
    • Efficient service,
    • Good facilities at their destination
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7
Q

7) What is Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR)?

A
  • Includes such travel such as visiting grandparents for a day, or staying with friends for a week
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8
Q

8) What are the unique characteristics of the Travel&Tourism Industry?

A
  • Seasonality, Intangibility and Perishability?
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9
Q

9) Define Seasonality

A
  • It is when tourism demand regularly fluctuates over the course of a year
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10
Q

10) What are the factors that influence Seasonality?

A
  • Factors which influence seasonality are:
    a) Timing of school and work holidays
    b) Regular special events held at destinations
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11
Q

11) What are the problems for the Travel and Tourism Industry due to Seasonality?

A
  • Seasonality can affect the Travel and Tourism Industry in two ways :

1) Yearly: no. of tourists arrivals are concentrated during peak summer seasons (June-September) or peak winter seasons (December-March)
2) Weekly: Over a single week, hotels can experience differences in room bookings at weekends compared with weekdays

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12
Q

12) How can we reduce the impact of Seasonality?

A

a) Providing all-year facilities

b) Targeting those who can travel at that time of the year eg. Retiree

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13
Q

13) What is Intangibility?

A
  • Travel and Tourism is a service rather than a tangible good (physical product)
  • ‘Tangible’ means that you can touch it, but Travel and Tourism is intangible, hence you cannot feel a holiday
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14
Q

14) What is Perishability?

A
  • It comes from the word “Perishable” which means likely to go bad quickly. Travel and Tourism services cannot be stored up for sale later or on a future occasion
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15
Q

What are the factors that can explain the development of the travel and tourism industry?

A

Changing socio-economic factors, Technological developments, Product development and innovation, Changing consumer needs and expectations

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16
Q

What is the meaning of the term Changing socio-economic factors?

A

Increase in disposable income
Impact of the national economy
Changes in car ownership
Increase in leisure time

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17
Q

What is Disposable Income?

A

It is the household income that is left over when tax, housing and the basics of life have been paid out

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18
Q

What does increase in disposable income lead to?

A

In general, increase In disposable income will lead increased expenditure on leisure activities including travel and tourism

19
Q

What does the term Impact of the national economy mean?

A

Changes In the national economy In terms of GDP have a direct influence on income levels amongst the population. This will lead to an increase In disposable income levels

20
Q

Give 3 results due to Increase in Leisure Time

A

a) Average working week has decreased from a 50 hour working week to a 37 hours working week
b) Flextime (flexible working hours) allow workers to take long weekends and short breaks
c) On average, people are living longer and retiring earlier. This has led to the emergence of the GREY MARKET. This refers to retired people who have time and money to spend on holidays and other activities

21
Q

What are the 4 different groups of travelers that can be described in terms of their leisure behavior?

A

I) The money rich, time poor
II) The money and time poor
III) The money and time rich
IV) The money poor and time rich

22
Q

Give 3 development in transport technology

A

a) Development of wide-bodied long haul planes such as the Boeing 747 Jumbo jet
b) New generation of cruise ships are able to cater for 3000 passengers and increase operating economies of scale stimulating demand
c) Fast trains, such as the French TGV and Japanese Shinkasen (bullet train) allow travel up to 300km/h through the countryside

23
Q

Give 3 Developments in ICT

A

a) A website allows online booking and acts as a marketing and promotion tool
b) Database which help streamline payments, accounts and stock control increase in efficient and competitiveness
c) Travel agents make use of Computer Reservation Systerm (CRS) and Global Distribution System (GDS) to make reservations

24
Q

Explain the term Product Development and Innovation

A

Travel and tourism organization are trying to sell their products from the typical mass package holidays to have It more individualized and including more items In their package

25
Q

Give 3 different types of travelers with a wide range of budgets and tastes

A

a) Short breaks
b) Simple beach vacations
c) Quieter resorts for relaxation

26
Q

What are the External Factors?

A

i) Legislation
ii) Role of local authorities and government.
iii) Fluctuations in currency
iv) Climatic change and natural disasters

27
Q

What is the term Legislation?

A

Legislation refers to various related laws that influence tourism operations and activities
- the aim is to protect the interests of international tourists In terms of their safety or establishing standards of services, sustainable development and protecting the interests of the host population

28
Q

State how the local and national governments can influence the development of tourism

A

a) Planning- designation of regions or areas to be targeted for tourism development
b) Government regulation- laws which protect tourists and enhances their travel experience such as:
c) Consumer protection laws and rules
d) Fire safety laws in hotels
e) Health and food safety regulations

29
Q

What is a Mass Tourism?

A

A form of tourism that involves
tens of thousands of people going to
the same resort OR region at the same time of year.
(It is linked to the development and consolidation stage of the Butler`s Model.)

30
Q

Give THREE advantages of Mass Tourism

A
  1. Jobs are generated by tourism in many areas
  2. Local people benefit directly from employment
  3. Transport facilities are developed
  4. Road, rail, facilities, electricity services etc. All need improving to accommodate the tourist (local people also benefit from these INFRASTRUCTURE developments.
  5. The local tax base increase so local government/council can invest in schools, healthcare and social services.
  6. Tourists introduce new values and cultures and learn about new cultures (This causes cultural Understanding)
    “
31
Q

Give THREE disadvantages of MASS TOURISM

A

“1.TNCs (Trans National Corporations) from rich countries are often involved ? this can result in a lot of profits leaving the country.

  1. Jobs can be seasonal; especially in beach and skiing based resorts. People can therefore find themselves out of work in the close season.
  2. Tourists consume huge amounts of resources including food and water; this type of tourism is particularly UNSUSTAINABLE in this manner.
  3. Tourist introduce new values and cultures; this causes cultural pollution.
  4. Land is lost from farming tourist development.
32
Q

What is the case study for MASS TOURISM?

A

Jamaica, An Island in the Caribbean Sea. It is located close to other major islands such as Cuba and is a great example of mass tourism occurring in a Tropical area.

33
Q

What are the positives impact of MASS TOURISM in Jamaica?

A
  1. Tourism brings in money to Jamaica ? 20% of its GDP ? this money can be spent on essential services such as health care and education which can boost the overall level of development.
  2. 220,000 Jamaicans work in tourism ? it is a vital employer. People work in a wide range of jobs, from the construction of hotels and tourist facilities, to service work cleaning working in bars, caddying on golf courses amongst other jobs.
  3. Tourism benefits many sections of the economy as people spend money in bars, restaurants, and other local businesses, so tourism has a positive multiplier effect.
34
Q

What are the negatives impact of MASS TOURISM in Jamaica?

A
  1. Many of the jobs created are seasonal , so people can become unemployed.
  2. Large TNCs (Trans National Companies) such as Thomas Cook organise the holidays and make most of the money, so the profits go out of Jamaica and into MEDCs
  3. Local employees are paid low wages, whereas managers from other countries tend to earn more.
  4. There is cultural pollution/dilution; Jamaica has a problem with sex tourism and a problem with drugs.
  5. Local people cannot afford the facilities put in place for the tourist.
35
Q

How many stages of Butler`s Model?

A

6 STAGES

36
Q

What are the 6 stages of Butler?s Model?

A 
(EIDCSR/D)  
1- Exploration
2- Involvement
3- Development
4. Consolidation
5. Stagnation
6. Rejuvenation/Decline
37
Q

What is Exploration?

A

A very small number of tourists are attracted by something particular eg. Attractive landscape (mostly natural attraction)

38
Q

What is Involvement?

A

A small number of tourist, mainly independent travelers, with some local facilities eg. Accommodation , transport being developed.

39
Q

What is development?

A

Visitor numbers rising rapidly with an increase in both foreign-owned facilities and the expansion and upgrading of the local infrastructure.

40
Q

What is consolidation?

A

Further increases in number of tourist, with mass tourism the largest component. The addition of facilities reaches a peak as carrying capacity limit is approached.

41
Q

What is stagnation?

A

Tourist numbers reach peak and facilities show signs of age.

42
Q

What is rejuvenation/decline?

A

Either tourist number rise again due to new innovations or they will fall as old-fashioned mass tourism lingers on.

43
Q

What is the case study for Butler?s Model?

A

Benidorm, Spain.

MD 9395 Paper 1 Block 3 (5 decks)

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