The Nature, Scale and Development of the Travel and Tourism Industry

Question 1

1) Define Travel & Tourism

Answer 1

• The activities of person travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes
• The temporary, short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work, and their activities during their stay at these destinations

Question 2

2) What are the main types of tourism?

Answer 2

-> Domestic Tourism
• involves residents of a country travelling only within their country
• easy form of tourism as there are no language, currency or documentation barriers

-> Inbound Tourism
• defined as travellers arriving in a different country from their own
• also known as incoming tourism

-> Outbound Tourism
• defined as travellers leaving their own country to go abroad
• also known as outgoing tourism

Question 3

3) What are the reasons why people travel?

Answer 3

Leisure Travel, Business Travel and VFR (Visiting Friends & Relatives)

Question 4

4) What is Leisure Travel?

Answer 4

• It is the most common type and covers holidays, long hail trips, short breaks and day visits tor tourist attractions – it therefore includes all recreational travel

Question 5

5) What is Business Travel?

Answer 5

• Includes all travel for business purposes such as: a meeting, conference, exhibition or trade fair
• Business Travelers will have little choice in their destination or timing of the trip

Question 6

6) What are the needs of Business Travelers?

Answer 6

• Business will need:
  • Convenience of frequent and regular transport,
  • Efficient service,
  • Good facilities at their destination

Question 7

7) What is Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR)?

Answer 7

• Includes such travel such as visiting grandparents for a day, or staying with friends for a week

Question 8

8) What are the unique characteristics of the Travel&Tourism Industry?

Answer 8

• Seasonality, Intangibility and Perishability?

Question 9

9) Define Seasonality

Answer 9

• It is when tourism demand regularly fluctuates over the course of a year

Question 10

10) What are the factors that influence Seasonality?

Answer 10

• Factors which influence seasonality are:
  a) Timing of school and work holidays
  b) Regular special events held at destinations

Question 11

11) What are the problems for the Travel and Tourism Industry due to Seasonality?

Answer 11

• Seasonality can affect the Travel and Tourism Industry in two ways :

1) Yearly: no. of tourists arrivals are concentrated during peak summer seasons (June-September) or peak winter seasons (December-March)
2) Weekly: Over a single week, hotels can experience differences in room bookings at weekends compared with weekdays

Question 12

12) How can we reduce the impact of Seasonality?

Answer 12

a) Providing all-year facilities

b) Targeting those who can travel at that time of the year eg. Retiree

Question 13

13) What is Intangibility?

Answer 13

• Travel and Tourism is a service rather than a tangible good (physical product)
• ‘Tangible’ means that you can touch it, but Travel and Tourism is intangible, hence you cannot feel a holiday

Question 14

14) What is Perishability?

Answer 14

• It comes from the word “Perishable” which means likely to go bad quickly. Travel and Tourism services cannot be stored up for sale later or on a future occasion

Question 15

What are the factors that can explain the development of the travel and tourism industry?

Answer 15

Changing socio-economic factors, Technological developments, Product development and innovation, Changing consumer needs and expectations

Question 16

What is the meaning of the term Changing socio-economic factors?

Answer 16

Increase in disposable income
Impact of the national economy
Changes in car ownership
Increase in leisure time

Question 17

What is Disposable Income?

Answer 17

It is the household income that is left over when tax, housing and the basics of life have been paid out

Question 18

What does increase in disposable income lead to?

Answer 18

In general, increase In disposable income will lead increased expenditure on leisure activities including travel and tourism

Question 19

What does the term Impact of the national economy mean?

Answer 19

Changes In the national economy In terms of GDP have a direct influence on income levels amongst the population. This will lead to an increase In disposable income levels

Question 20

Give 3 results due to Increase in Leisure Time

Answer 20

a) Average working week has decreased from a 50 hour working week to a 37 hours working week
b) Flextime (flexible working hours) allow workers to take long weekends and short breaks
c) On average, people are living longer and retiring earlier. This has led to the emergence of the GREY MARKET. This refers to retired people who have time and money to spend on holidays and other activities

Question 21

What are the 4 different groups of travelers that can be described in terms of their leisure behavior?

Answer 21

I) The money rich, time poor
II) The money and time poor
III) The money and time rich
IV) The money poor and time rich

Question 22

Give 3 development in transport technology

Answer 22

a) Development of wide-bodied long haul planes such as the Boeing 747 Jumbo jet
b) New generation of cruise ships are able to cater for 3000 passengers and increase operating economies of scale stimulating demand
c) Fast trains, such as the French TGV and Japanese Shinkasen (bullet train) allow travel up to 300km/h through the countryside

Question 23

Give 3 Developments in ICT

Answer 23

a) A website allows online booking and acts as a marketing and promotion tool
b) Database which help streamline payments, accounts and stock control increase in efficient and competitiveness
c) Travel agents make use of Computer Reservation Systerm (CRS) and Global Distribution System (GDS) to make reservations

Question 24

Explain the term Product Development and Innovation

Answer 24

Travel and tourism organization are trying to sell their products from the typical mass package holidays to have It more individualized and including more items In their package

Question 25

Give 3 different types of travelers with a wide range of budgets and tastes

Answer 25

a) Short breaks b) Simple beach vacations c) Quieter resorts for relaxation

Question 26

What are the External Factors?

Answer 26

i) Legislation ii) Role of local authorities and government. iii) Fluctuations in currency iv) Climatic change and natural disasters

Question 27

What is the term Legislation?

Answer 27

Legislation refers to various related laws that influence tourism operations and activities - the aim is to protect the interests of international tourists In terms of their safety or establishing standards of services, sustainable development and protecting the interests of the host population

Question 28

State how the local and national governments can influence the development of tourism

Answer 28

a) Planning- designation of regions or areas to be targeted for tourism development b) Government regulation- laws which protect tourists and enhances their travel experience such as: c) Consumer protection laws and rules d) Fire safety laws in hotels e) Health and food safety regulations

Question 29

What is a Mass Tourism?

Answer 29

A form of tourism that involves tens of thousands of people going to the same resort OR region at the same time of year. (It is linked to the development and consolidation stage of the Butler`s Model.)

Question 30

Give THREE advantages of Mass Tourism

Answer 30

1. Jobs are generated by tourism in many areas 2. Local people benefit directly from employment 3. Transport facilities are developed 4. Road, rail, facilities, electricity services etc. All need improving to accommodate the tourist (local people also benefit from these INFRASTRUCTURE developments. 5. The local tax base increase so local government/council can invest in schools, healthcare and social services. 6. Tourists introduce new values and cultures and learn about new cultures (This causes cultural Understanding) "

Question 31

Give THREE disadvantages of MASS TOURISM

Answer 31

"1.TNCs (Trans National Corporations) from rich countries are often involved ? this can result in a lot of profits leaving the country. 2. Jobs can be seasonal; especially in beach and skiing based resorts. People can therefore find themselves out of work in the close season. 3. Tourists consume huge amounts of resources including food and water; this type of tourism is particularly UNSUSTAINABLE in this manner. 4. Tourist introduce new values and cultures; this causes cultural pollution. 5. Land is lost from farming tourist development.

Question 32

What is the case study for MASS TOURISM?

Answer 32

Jamaica, An Island in the Caribbean Sea. It is located close to other major islands such as Cuba and is a great example of mass tourism occurring in a Tropical area.

Question 33

What are the positives impact of MASS TOURISM in Jamaica?

Answer 33

1. Tourism brings in money to Jamaica ? 20% of its GDP ? this money can be spent on essential services such as health care and education which can boost the overall level of development. 2. 220,000 Jamaicans work in tourism ? it is a vital employer. People work in a wide range of jobs, from the construction of hotels and tourist facilities, to service work cleaning working in bars, caddying on golf courses amongst other jobs. 3. Tourism benefits many sections of the economy as people spend money in bars, restaurants, and other local businesses, so tourism has a positive multiplier effect.

Question 34

What are the negatives impact of MASS TOURISM in Jamaica?

Answer 34

1. Many of the jobs created are seasonal , so people can become unemployed. 2. Large TNCs (Trans National Companies) such as Thomas Cook organise the holidays and make most of the money, so the profits go out of Jamaica and into MEDCs 3. Local employees are paid low wages, whereas managers from other countries tend to earn more. 4. There is cultural pollution/dilution; Jamaica has a problem with sex tourism and a problem with drugs. 5. Local people cannot afford the facilities put in place for the tourist.

Question 35

How many stages of Butler`s Model?

Answer 35

6 STAGES

Question 36

What are the 6 stages of Butler?s Model?

Answer 36

``` (EIDCSR/D) 1- Exploration 2- Involvement 3- Development 4. Consolidation 5. Stagnation 6. Rejuvenation/Decline ```

Question 37

What is Exploration?

Answer 37

A very small number of tourists are attracted by something particular eg. Attractive landscape (mostly natural attraction)

Question 38

What is Involvement?

Answer 38

A small number of tourist, mainly independent travelers, with some local facilities eg. Accommodation , transport being developed.

Question 39

What is development?

Answer 39

Visitor numbers rising rapidly with an increase in both foreign-owned facilities and the expansion and upgrading of the local infrastructure.

Question 40

What is consolidation?

Answer 40

Further increases in number of tourist, with mass tourism the largest component. The addition of facilities reaches a peak as carrying capacity limit is approached.

Question 41

What is stagnation?

Answer 41

Tourist numbers reach peak and facilities show signs of age.

Question 42

What is rejuvenation/decline?

Answer 42

Either tourist number rise again due to new innovations or they will fall as old-fashioned mass tourism lingers on.

Question 43

What is the case study for Butler?s Model?

Answer 43

Benidorm, Spain.