Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 527 Lecture (Neuromuscular) > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • From day 15 to end of eighth week
  • Organs are formed.
A

Embryonic stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • End of eight week until birth
  • Nervous system develops more fully; myelination begins.
A

Fetal stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

this germ layer develops into sensory organs , epidermis, and nervous system

A

Ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

this germ layer develops into dermis, muscles, skeleton, and excretory and circulatory systems

A

Mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

this germ layer gives rise to epithelia and glands (GI tract, respiratory tract, and genitourinary tract

A

Endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

formation of the neural tube and happen between day 18-26

A

Neurulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two layers called that the neural tube differentiates into during day 26?

A

Mantle layer
Marginal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

inner layer contains cell bodies; will become gray matter

A

Mantle layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

outer layer contains processes of cells whose bodies are located in inner layer; will become white matter

A

Marginal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do the cranial part of the neural tube form?

A

brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do the caudal part of the neural tube form?

A

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do the central cavity of the neural tube form?

A
  1. ventricles of the brain
  2. central canal of the spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the groups of cells?

A

ventral and dorsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

dorsal cell group that has sensory neurons

A

Alar plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ventral cell group that has motor neurons

A

Basal plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is formed when the motor and sensory nerves merge?

A

Spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What kind of nerves are formed by the spinal nerve?

A

Mixed nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the two neurons that the brain is divided into?

A

Afferent neurons
Efferent neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

neurons that carry information from sensory receptors of the skin and other organs to the central nervous system

A

Afferent neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

neurons that carry motor information away from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body

A

Efferent neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 5 developmental regions of the brain (secondary brain vesicles)?

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

flexure between the forebrain and midbrain

A

Cephalic flexure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

flexure between the hindbrain and spinal cord

A

Cervical flexure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

flexure between the metencephalon and mylencephalon

A

Pontine Flexure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles?

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Name the two regions that the brain is divided into

A

Neurocranium
Viscerocranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the 4 arches that the ventral part of the forming head expand into?

A

Arch 1
Arch 2
Arch 3
Arch 4 and 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What cranial nerve is arch 1 innervated by?

A

cranial verve 5 “ trigeminal” - muscles of mastication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What cranial nerve is arch 2 innervated by?

A

cranial nerve 7 “Facial” - muscles of facial expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What cranial nerve is arch 3 innervated by?

A

cranial nerve 9 “glossopharyngeal” - gives rise to the stylopharyngeus muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What cranial nerve is arch 4 & 6 innervated by?

A

cranial nerve 10 “vagus” - gives rise to the internal muscles of the soft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What type of nerves innervate the arches?

A

cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

the skeletal muscle of the head and deep neck that form within the arches is classified as what?

A

pharyngeal (branchial) arch muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does the neurocranium region of the brain form?

A
  1. form around the neural tube (future brain)
  2. form protective case for the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does the viscerocranium region of the brain form?

A
  1. forms around the endoderm tube
  2. forms the visceral components of the head (mouth, nasal cavity, and pharynx)
  3. forms the skeleton of the face and skull
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the functions of the adult nervous system?

A
  • functions to detect changes in the internal/external environment
  • brings about the appropriate responses in muscles, organs, and glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the components of the adult nervous system?

A
  1. neurons
  2. neuroglia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Sequence of events following stimulation of a sensory receptor:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Do neuroglial cells transport or process information?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the 3 main types of glia?

A
  1. oligodendrocytes
  2. astrocytes
  3. microglia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

a type of glia that form the myelin sheath within the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

43
Q

a type of glia that form the selectively permeable barrier between the circulatory system and the neurons of the brain and spinal cord, generating the blood-brain barrier

A

astrocytes

44
Q

a type of glia cell that has a phagocytic role in response to nervous system damage

A

microglia

45
Q

What are the 2 type of glial cells in the PNS?

A
  1. Schwann cells
  2. Satellite cells
46
Q

a type of glial cell in the PNS that forms the myelin sheath of nerve fibers

A

Schwann cells

47
Q

a type of glial cell in the PNS that regulate the environment around neurons

A

Satellite cells

48
Q

What does the central nervous system (CNS) include?

A

Brain
Spinal cord

49
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system (CNS) include?

A
  1. Cranial nerves- and branches
  2. Spinal nerves- and branches
  3. Ganglia
50
Q

a type of neuron that carry information from the peripheral receptors in the CNS

A

Afferent neurons

51
Q

a type of neuron that carry impulses away from the CNS

A

Efferent neurons

52
Q

a type of neuron (relay) located entirely within the CNS that project to other CNS neurons

A

Interneuron

53
Q

regions of the nervous system that are enriched with large numbers of nerve cell bodies.
* nuclei
* ganglia
* cortex

A

Grey matter

54
Q

regions of the nervous system that contain mostly nerve processes (nerve fibers, axons). Myelin makes them appear white.
* tracts
* nerves

A

White matter

55
Q

part of the brain that’s consciously aware

A

cerebral cortex

56
Q

the grey matter that helps to coordinate movement

A

basal ganglia

57
Q

the main motor pathways

A

brain stem

58
Q

ascending pathways that convey sensory information to a conscious level

A

sensory pathways

59
Q

descending pathways from the cerebral hemisphere that control movement

A

motor pathways

60
Q

means to cross from one side of the body to the other side (contralateral)

A

decussate

61
Q

sensory information from the skin and musculoskeletal systems

A

Somatosensation

62
Q

information from the skin is superficial or cutaneous and includes:

A

touch, pain, temperature, and pressure

63
Q

Information from the musculoskeletal system includes:

A

proprioception and pain

64
Q

what neuron crosses the the other side (decussate)

A

2nd order neuron

65
Q

What are the 4 neurons?

A

1st order neuron
2nd order neuron
3rd order neuron
target neuron

66
Q

What neuron is in the thalamus?

A

3rd order neuron

67
Q

a type of matter that synapses and processes information

A

grey matter

68
Q

a type of matter that transmits information

A

white matter

69
Q

a neuron that starts in the precentral gyrus

A

upper motor neuron

70
Q

a neuron that ends in the skeletal muscle

A

lower motor neuron

71
Q

what are the neurons in the motor pathway?

A

upper and lower motor neurons

72
Q

swirly neurons identify what type of sensation?

A

proprioception

73
Q

specialized receptor that responds only to a specific type of stimulus, adequate stimulus, and under normal conditions.

A

sensory receptor

74
Q

receptors that pay attention to chemicals

A

chemoreceptors

75
Q

receptors that respond to pressure, touch, and vibration

A

mechanoreceptors

76
Q

receptors that respond to changes in temperature

A

thermoreceptors

77
Q

are regions of skin that are innervated by sensory axons from a single spinal nerve

A

dermatomes

78
Q

for the limbs the two distinct distributions of sensory innervation are

A

peripheral nerve and dermatome

79
Q

made up of subsets of sensory axons that are derived from several different spinal nerves.

A

peripheral nerves

80
Q

nerve impulses generated from the original stimuli

A

sensory information

81
Q

awareness of stimuli from the senses

A

sensation

82
Q

What are the names of the first-order neuron axons?

A

Distal and Proximal

83
Q

an axon that conducts messages from the receptor to the cell body

A

distal axon

84
Q

an axon that project from the cell body into the spinal cord or brainstem

A

proximal axon

85
Q

Touch is categorized as

A

fine or crude

86
Q

Regarding dermatomes, the somas of the neuron are the ______ stacked and all the strings (axons) are gathered together to make a _______.

A

balloons, spinal nerve

87
Q

is made up of subsets of sensory axons that are derived from several different spinal nerves

A

peripheral nerve

88
Q

proprioceptors found in skeletal muscle that respond to quick and prolonged stretches of the muscle

A

muscle spindles

89
Q

Tendon organs signal the force generated by the muscle contraction or by a passive stretch of the tendon

A

Golgi tendon organs

90
Q

complete severance of peripheral nerve results in a lack of sensation

A

hypoesthesia/paresthesia

91
Q

impaired balance or coordination can be due to damage to the brain, nerves, or muscles.

A

Ataxia

92
Q

the lower motor neuron to the skeletal muscle is called

A

the final common pathway

93
Q

Are the only neurons that convey signals to extrafusal and intrafusal skeletal muscle fibers

A

motor neuron

94
Q

group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve

A

myotomes

95
Q

What happens if you damage a motor neuron?

A

Decrease or loss of reflexes
Paresis or paralysis
Atrophy
Decrease or loss of muscle tone
Fibrillations

96
Q

receptors that fire only to indicate pain

A

nociceptors

96
Q

receptors that respond to the mechanical deformation of joint capsules and ligaments

A

joint receptor

97
Q

the neural tube defect that results when the inferior neuropore does not close

A

spina bifida

98
Q

the meninges and some cases the spinal cord protrude through the posterior opening in the vertebrae

A

spina bifida cystica

99
Q

What are the three types of spina bifida cystica?

A
  1. Meningocele
  2. Meningomyelocele
  3. Myeloschisis
100
Q

protrusion of the meninges through the bony defect

A

Meningocele

101
Q

neural tissue with the meninges protrudes outside the body

A

Meningomyelocele

102
Q

most severe defect, consisting of a malformed spinal cord open to the surface of the body, which occurs when the neural folds fail to close

A

Myeloschisis

BIOL 527 Lecture (Neuromuscular) (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions