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BIOL 527 Lecture (Neuromuscular) > Lecture Exam #2 Review questions > Flashcards

Lecture Exam #2 Review questions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital

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2
Q
A

Frontal Lobe

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3
Q
A

Temporal Lobe

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4
Q
A

Parietal Lobe

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5
Q
A

Occipital Lobe

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6
Q

What happens when the frontal lobe is lesioned?

A
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7
Q

What happens when the temporal lobe is lesioned?

A
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8
Q

What happens when the parietal lobe is lesioned?

A
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9
Q

What happens when the occipital lobe is lesioned?

A
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10
Q

What does the spinal region include?

A

Spinal cord
Dorsal and ventral roots
Spinal nerves
Meninges

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11
Q

Each segment of the cord is connected to a specific region of the body by axons traveling through a pair of _____.

A

Spinal nerves

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12
Q

Connections of nerve rootlets to the exterior of the cord indicate _____.

A

segments

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13
Q

In the cervical region, spinal nerves are found above the corresponding vertebrae except_____.

A

the eighth spinal nerve

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14
Q

horn processes sensory information

A

Dorsal horn

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15
Q

horn processes motor information

A

Ventral horn

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16
Q

horn processes autonomic information

A

lateral horn

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17
Q

the region of neural tissue where neuron cell bodies (somas) are concentrated

A

gray matter

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18
Q

the region of neural tissue where bundles of myelinated axons are concentrated

A

white matter

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19
Q

What are the names of the 3 connective tissue sheaths that the parallel bundles of axons that the peripheral nerves are made up called?

A

Endoneurium: Separates individual axons.
Perineurium: Surrounds fascicles.
Epineurium: Encloses the entire nerve trunk.

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20
Q

nerves that are mixed and include the sensory, autonomic, and motor axons

A

Somatic peripheral nerves

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21
Q

_____ branches that supply the skin and subcutaneous tissues; _____ branches that supply the muscles, tendons, and joints.

A

Cutaneous ; Muscular

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22
Q

What type of information do afferent neurons carry?

A

sensory

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23
Q

What type of information do efferent neurons carry?

A

motor

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24
Q

Sensory has _____ tracts; Motor has _____ tracts.

A

ascending; descending

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25
Q

Afferent axons _____; Efferent axons _____.

A

Ascend; Descend

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26
Q

What are the 4 nerve plexuses that the junctions of anterior rami form?

A

Cervical
Brachial
Lumbar
Sacral

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27
Q

a plexus that provides:

  1. cutaneous sensory information from the posterior scalp to the clavicle.
  2. innervates the anterior neck muscles and diaphragm
A

Cervical plexus

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28
Q

a plexus where:

the entire upper limb is innervated by the branches.

A

Brachial plexus

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29
Q

a plexus where:

the branches innervate the skin and muscles of the anterior and medial thigh.

A

Lumbar plexus

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30
Q

a plexus that:

innervates the posterior thigh and most of the leg and foot; contains parasympathetic axons

A

Sacral plexus

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31
Q

motor axons synapse with muscle fibers at

A

neuromuscular junctions

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32
Q

A motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by its axon terminals

A

motor unit

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33
Q

What happens if there is peripheral motor nerve damage?

A

paralysis/paresis

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34
Q

What happens if there is peripheral sensory nerve damage?

A

anesthesia (numbness)/paresthesia (pins & needles)

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35
Q

Touch is categorized as

A

fine or crude

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36
Q

touch includes a variety of receptors and sub sensations

A

fine touch

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37
Q

touch is mediated by free endings throughout the skin

A

crude touch

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38
Q

Cutaneous receptors respond to

A

touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, noxious stimuli, and temperature

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39
Q

connect motor or sensory end-organs with the central nervous system (CNS)

A

Peripheral nerves

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40
Q

are used to diagnose radiculopathy and to determine the sensory level affected by spinal cord injury

A

dermatomes

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41
Q

For the limbs the two distinct distributions of sensory innervation are

A

peripheral nerve and dermatome

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42
Q

The Brachial Plexus starts at _____ and ends at _____.

A

C5; T1

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43
Q

The ventral rami of the thoracic nerves are usually called

A

intercostal nerves

44
Q

a segmental structure that is attached to the spinal cord by a sensory dorsal root and a ventral motor root.

A

typical spinal nerve

45
Q

Because the 5 rami of the brachial plexus sends no cutaneous branches to the pectoral region, what happens?

A

the supraclavicular branches of C3 and C4 descend in the front of the clavicle to the level of T2, closing the gap

46
Q

nerves whose roots exit directly from the spinal cord

A

spinal nerves

47
Q

region of the skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

A

dermatome

48
Q

the cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons lie in this horn of spinal cord gray matter

A

Ventral root

49
Q

cell bodies are found in the spinal ganglion. cell body axons divide into a central process and a peripheral process.

A

Dorsal root

50
Q

the large branch of the spinal nerve that runs into the lateral and ventral body wall to innervate all the rest of that body segment’s muscles, bones, and skin.

A

Ventral rami

51
Q

the small branch of the spinal nerve that passes dorsally to innervate that body segments intrinsic spinal muscles and overlying skin on the back.

A

Dorsal rami

52
Q

What are nuclei considered?

A

gray matter

53
Q

What are tracts considered?

A

white matter

54
Q

Which column is medial?

A

fasciculus gracilis

55
Q

Which column is lateral?

A

fasciculus cuneatus

56
Q

Which column is responsible for the lower tract?

A

fasciculus gracilis

57
Q

Which column is responsible for the upper tract?

A

fasciculus cuneatus

58
Q

What are the 4 Somtosensory Conscious Pathways?

A
  1. Dorsal Column Upper Tract (Cuneatus)
  2. Dorsal Column Lower Tract (Gracilis)
  3. Anterior Spinothalamic Tract
  4. Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
59
Q

What are the 2 Somtosensory Unconscious Pathways?

A
  1. Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract
  2. Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract
60
Q

Somatosensory Conscious Pathways:

A

1st order neuron (DRG) > 2nd order (medulla) neuron > 3rd order neuron (VP thalamus) > internal capsule > corona radiata > postcentral gyrus

61
Q

Somatosensory (Dorsal Column Pathways):

A

1st order neuron > 2nd order neuron “decussate in medulla” > 3rd order neuron “VP thalamus” > Internal capsule > Corona radiata > Postcentral gyrus

62
Q

Somatosensory Unconscious Pathways:

A

1st order neuron (DRG) > 2nd order neuron (DH) > Lateral column > peduncles (cerebellum)

63
Q

Dorsal Column Pathway (Lower tract, fasciculus gracilis):

A

DRG (1st cell body)
DR
Fasciculus gracilis (first axon)
Nucleus gracilis (2nd cell body)
Medial lemniscus (second axon “decussate”)
VP thalamus (3rd cell body)
Internal capsule (third axon)
Corona radiate
Postcentral gyrus

64
Q

Dorsal Column Pathway (Upper tract, fasciculus cuneatus):

A

DRG (1st cell body)
DR
Fasciculus cuneatus (first axon)
Nucleus cuneatus (2nd cell body)
Medial lemniscus (second axon “decussate”)
VP thalamus (3rd cell body)
Internal capsule (third axon)
Corona radiata
Postcentral gyrus

65
Q

What type of sensations are the dorsal column tracts responsible for?

A

fine touch and proprioception

66
Q

What type of sensations is the anterior spinothalamic tract responsible for?

A

crude touch and pressure

67
Q

What type of sensations is the lateral spinothalamic tract responsible for?

A

pain and temperature

68
Q

Anterior Spinothalamic Tract Pathway:

A

DRG > DR > DH > AST > VP Thalamus > Internal Capsule > Corona Radiata > Postcentral gyrus

69
Q

Lateral Spinothalamic Tract Pathway:

A

DRG > DR > DH > LST > VP Thalamus > Internal Capsule > Corona Radiata > Postcentral gyrus

70
Q

Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract Pathway (Contralateral):

A

1st order neuron (DRG) > 2nd order neuron (DH) > Lateral column AST (decussate) > superior peduncles (cerebellum)

71
Q

Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract Pathway (Ipsilateral):

A

1st order neuron (DRG) > 2nd order neuron (DH) > Lateral column PST > inferior peduncles (cerebellum)

72
Q

What type of sensations is the Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract Pathway responsible for?

A

Subconscious proprioception

73
Q

What type of sensations is the Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract Pathway responsible for?

A

Subconscious proprioception

74
Q

What can you expect to see if there is a lesion in the Dorsal Column?

A

Multiple Sclerosis, loss of proprioception in the hands and fingers, Astereognosis

75
Q

What can you expect to see if there is a lesion in the Dorsal Column Upper Tract Pathway?

A

Astereognosis

76
Q

What can you expect to see if there is a lesion in the Dorsal Column Lower Tract Pathway?

A

Sensory Ataxia
*high steppage
*unsteady gait
*Romberg sign

77
Q

What can you expect to see if there is a lesion in the Spinothalamic Tract Pathway?

A

Syringomyelia, loss of pain & temp awareness, charcots joints

78
Q

What can you expect to see if there is a lesion in the Anterior Spinothalamic Tract Pathway?

A
79
Q

What can you expect to see if there is a lesion in the Lateral Spinothalamic Tract Pathway?

A
80
Q

What can you expect to see if there is a lesion in the Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract Pathway?

A
81
Q

What can you expect to see if there is a lesion in the Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract Pathway?

A
82
Q

What can you expect to see if there is a lesion on the cerebellum?

A

Cerebellar Syndrome
*Nystagmus
*Dysarthria
*Tremors
*Ataxia

83
Q

What can you expect to see if there is a lesion on the spinocerebellar tract?

A

Friedreich’s ataxia
tremors, ataxia, unsteady gait

84
Q

What can you expect to see if there is a lesion on the lateral spinothalamic tract?

A

loss of pain and temperature awareness
“Charcot’s Joints”

85
Q

What doesn’t the postcentral gyri homunculus have?

A

genitals and teeth

86
Q

What are the 2 Pyramidal Somatomotor Pathways?

A

Lateral Corticospinal
Anterior Corticospinal

87
Q

Lateral Corticospinal (Contralateral): 75%-90%

A

Precentral gyrus (Upper motor neuron) > Corona radiata >
internal capsule >
cerebral peduncles >
pyramids (decussate) >
LCT >
Lateral Column >
Ventral horn (Lower motor neuron)

88
Q

Anterior Corticospinal Pathway (Contralateral): 10%-25%

A

Precentral gyrus (Upper motor neuron) > Corona radiata >
internal capsule >
cerebral peduncles >
pyramids >
ACT >
Anterior column >
Ventral horn (decussate)
Skeletal muscle

89
Q

Upper Motor Neuron Lesions:

A

Spastic paralysis
*hyperreflexia
*hypertonia
*spasticity

90
Q

Lower Motor Neuron Lesions:

A

Flaccid Paralysis
* hyporeflexia
*hypotonia
*atrophy
*flaccidity

91
Q

What are the 5 portions of the Brachial Plexus?

A

Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Terminal branches

92
Q

What are the 5 ventral roots of the brachal plexus?

A

C5-T1

93
Q

What are the 3 trunks of the brachial plexus?

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior

94
Q

How many divisions are in the brachial plexus?

A

3 anterior
3 posterior

95
Q

What are the 3 cords of the brachial plexus?

A

Lateral
Posterior
Medial

96
Q

What are the 5 terminal branches of the brachial plexus?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve
Axillary nerve
Radial nerve
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve

97
Q

Where does the brachial plexus start?

A

Roots

98
Q

What does the axillary nerve innervate?

A

Shoulder

99
Q

What does the radial nerve innervate?

A

upper arm and forearm

100
Q

What are terminal branches made of?

A

mixed nerves

101
Q

Cutaneous means

A

Skin (sensory)

102
Q

the anatomical structure of the brachial plexus?

A

bunch of nerves that mix

103
Q

What nerves does the “M” in the brachial plexus stand for?

A

Musculocutaneous
Median
Ulnar

104
Q

What are the 4 “D’s” of the Brainstem?

A

dysphagia
dysarthria
dysmetria
diplopia

105
Q

Atypical spinal nerves are

A

plexuses (any nerves mixed)

106
Q

Typical spinal nerves:

A

T1-T12 thoracic (all nerve are single)

BIOL 527 Lecture (Neuromuscular) (6 decks)

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