The Pancreas

Question 1

what are the sections of the pancreas?

Answer 1

head, uncinate, neck, body, tail

Question 2

what is the position of the pancreas?

Answer 2

anterior retroperitoneum
and epigastric region
head in the c loop of the duodenum

Question 3

the head of the pancreas is located which directions?

Answer 3

in the c loop of the duodenum
tilted caudally

Question 4

what is another name for the main pancreatic duct?

Answer 4

duct of wirsung

Question 5

the duct of wirsung is aka

Answer 5

main pancreatic duct

Question 6

the main pancreatic duct merges with the ___________ at the _______________ and empties into the __________

Answer 6

common bile duct
ampulla of vater
duodenum

Question 7

through what spincter does the main pancreatic duct empty?

Answer 7

the sphincter of oddi

Question 8

does the pancreas have a capsule?

Answer 8

no

Question 9

how large is the pancreas?

Answer 9

12-15 cm

Question 10

the head of the pancreas is what relation to the surrounding vasculature? SMV, IVC, Portal vein.

Answer 10

lateral to the SMV
anterior to the IVC
Inferior to the portal vein

Question 11

the uncinate process of the pancreas is what relation to the surrounding vasculature?

Answer 11

posterior to the SMV
anterior to the aorta

Question 12

the neck of the pancreas is what relation to the surrounding vasculature?

Answer 12

anterior to the portal confluence

Question 13

the body of the pancreas is what relation to the surrounding vasculature?

Answer 13

anterior to the SMV, splenic vein, SMA

Question 14

the tail of the pancreas is what relation to the surrounding vasculature?

Answer 14

anterior to the splenic vein

Question 15

how do the male and female pancreas differ?

Answer 15

male is longer

Question 16

what plane is the pancreas measured in?

Answer 16

trans

Question 17

what are normal measurements for the head body and tail

Answer 17

h : 2-3.5cm
b: 2-3cm
t: 1-2 cm

Question 18

what is the measurement of the main pancreatic duct?

Answer 18

about 2 mm
may be up to 3.5 and down to 1.5mm

Question 19

in the transverse plane the splenic vein appears…

Answer 19

long and horizontal

Question 20

what is the hamburger in the pancreas

Answer 20

neck, SMV, uncinate

Question 21

what are three atomic variants in the pancreas?

Answer 21

pancreatic divism
annular pancreas
partial pancreas

Question 22

what is the pancreatic divism

Answer 22

an anatomic variant
develops prenatally
- failure of dorsal and ventral buds to fuse at 8th week
- major and minor ampulla form the 2 ducts instead of being fused
- doesnt form a main pancreatic duct - drains in to places not one

Question 23

what is the annular pancreas?

Answer 23

variant
- a ring of extra pancreatic tissue forms around the first part of the small intestine. - wraps around duodenum
- duo appears in panc

Question 24

what is partial agenesis?

Answer 24

agenesis (failure to develop) of the dorsal (back) pancreas
very rare
partial or total loss of body and tail of panc

Question 25

the pancreas is both a ___ and _____ gland

Answer 25

endocrine and exocrine

Question 26

what is endocrine function?

Answer 26

- series of glands that secretes hormones into bloodstream - directctly into blood - endo - within the blood

Question 27

what cells does the endocrine function of the pancreas use?

Answer 27

pancreatic islets - islets of langerhans - found around the vessel

Question 28

the islets of langerhans are found in endo or exocrine function?

Answer 28

endo

Question 29

what are the three islet cells?

Answer 29

alpha beta delta

Question 30

alpha cells secrete...

Answer 30

glucagon Agon - A for alpha

Question 31

beta cells secrete...

Answer 31

insulin - ppl who use insulin are betas

Question 32

delta cells secrete...

Answer 32

somatostatin

Question 33

where is the greatest conc of islet cells

Answer 33

tail

Question 34

what does glucagon do?

Answer 34

- alpha cells - increase blood glucose levels- cells to release glucose - rise blood glucose - glycogenolysis - converts glycogen to glucose - into blood - turning fat into useable sugar happens when low blood sugar

Question 35

what increases blood glucose levels?

Answer 35

glucagon

Question 36

what does insulin do?

Answer 36

- beta cells - helps glucose into cells - out of blood stream - lowers blood glucose glycogenesis - the conversion of glucose to glycogen - converting sugar into stored energy (fat) - take sugar out of blood - result of high blood sugar

Question 37

what hormone is released as a result of high blood sugar?

Answer 37

insulin

Question 38

what hormone is released as a result of low blood sugar?

Answer 38

glucagon

Question 39

what is glycogenesis? what cells stimulate it and what hormone?

Answer 39

- beta cells - conversion of glucose to glycogen - insulin result of high blood sugar

Question 40

what is glycogenolysis? what cells stimulate it and what hormone?

Answer 40

- alpha cells - conversion of glycogen to glucose - glucagon result of low blood sugar

Question 41

what hormone do delta cells release?

Answer 41

somatostatin

Question 42

what does somatostatin do?

Answer 42

inhibits the release of insulin, glucagon and HGH

Question 43

somatostatin is released by which type of cells

Answer 43

delta

Question 44

glucagon is released by

Answer 44

alpha cells

Question 45

insulin is released by

Answer 45

beta cells

Question 46

what is exocrine function?

Answer 46

secrete products into ducts that empty at epithelium like skin of lumen of a hallow organ (ducts) exo - out of blood stream (exit)

Question 47

what type of cells are in the exocrine system of the pancreas?

Answer 47

acinar cells

Question 48

in the exocrine function of the pancreas the cells are arranged how? and what are they called?

Answer 48

acini - grapelike clusters

Question 49

where do the acini release their digestive enzymes?

Answer 49

into the main pancreatic duct and therfore then into the duodenum

Question 50

what do acini release?

Answer 50

digestive enzymes

Question 51

what are the primary digestive secretions?

Answer 51

bicarbonate digestive enzymes

Question 52

what secretes bicarbonate?

Answer 52

epithelial cells in the pancreatic ducts

Question 53

what does bicarbonate do in the stomach

Answer 53

neutralizes pH of contents and activates pancreatic enzymes

Question 54

what are the three digestive enzymes?

Answer 54

amylase lipase proteases

Question 55

what does amylase do?

Answer 55

- break down carbs into useable sugars - maltose and glucose - amy is sweet = sugars = carbs

Question 56

what does lipase do?

Answer 56

breakdown fats lip = fats triglygeride fatty acids and monoglycerides

Question 57

what do proteases do?

Answer 57

breakdown proteins 3 of them

Question 58

what are the three proteases?

Answer 58

trypsin chymotrypsin carboxypeptidase

Question 59

what does trypsin inhibitor do?

Answer 59

stops panc from digesting itself

Question 60

what regulates the exocrine secretions?

Answer 60

10th vagus nerve hormones

Question 61

what 3 hormones regulate exocrine?

Answer 61

cholecytokinin secretin gastrin

Question 62

Cholecystokinin

Answer 62

Synthesized by the duodenal mucosa Release is stimulated by the presence of proteins and fats in the duodenum Causes the gallbladder to contract Causes the pancreas to release digestive enzymes

Question 63

secretin

Answer 63

A hormone produced by the epithelial cells of the duodenum Its release is stimulated by acidic contents from the stomach Causes the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate and digestive enzymes

Question 64

gastrin

Answer 64

Secreted by the stomach Stimulates acid secretion by the stomach and enzymes secretion by the pancreatic cells

Question 65

for scanning the pancreas one of the most important things is...

Answer 65

patient prep - elimenate gas

Question 66

NPO of ________ is optimal

Answer 66

6-8 hours or 12

Question 67

NPO means

Answer 67

nothing by mouth