The Proteome and Intracellular Membranes Flashcards
Genome
Complete set of DNA, including both the protein-coding genes and the non-coding RNA genes
Proteome
The entire set of proteins expressed by a genome
Proteome larger than genome
More than one protein can be produced from
a single gene as a result of alternative RNA
splicing
Not all genes are expressed as proteins in a
particular cell type
Genes that do not code for proteins are called non-coding RNA genes and include those that are transcribed to produce tRNA, rRNA, and RNA molecules that control the expression of other genes.
Factors that affect the set of proteins expressed by a given cell type
Metabolic activity of the cell, cellular stress, response to signalling molecules, disease, and can vary over time.
Prokaryotic Cells
Much smaller than Eukaryotic cells.
Do not have intracellular membrane structures, many functions carried out by the plasma membrane, placing a limit on the maximum rate of the metabolic processes, restricting the maximum size they can attain.
Eukaryotic Cells
Much larger than Prokaryotic cells.
Have a system of internal
membranes, which increases the total area of membrane. Plasma membrane is too small an area to carry out all the vital functions
System of internal membranes
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Vesicles
Lysosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) forms a network of membrane tubules continuous with the nuclear membrane.
Lipids and proteins are synthesised in the ER
Vesicles
Vesicles transport materials between membrane compartments or to the plasma membrane
Lysosomes
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing a variety of hydrolases that digest proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates
(They are also involved in phagocytosis by white blood cells in the immune system)
Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi apparatus is a series of flattened membrane discs
