The Real Second Quiz

Question 0

Chemical structure levels?

Answer 0

Primary-simplest form
Secondary-next level of complexity
Tertiary-3D form;folded , most complex

Question 1

Central dogma

Answer 1

The flow of information from DNA to RNA to PROTIEN (transcribed then translated)

Question 2

DNA structure

Answer 2

Primary-chain of deoxyribonucleotides (atgc)
Secondary-double helix
Tertiary-chromosome, double helix wrap around and are anchored by histones

Question 3

RNA structure

Answer 3

Primary-single strand sequence of ribonucleotides(AUGC)

Secondary- hair pin or stem and loop form because it binds to its self

Question 4

Tertiary structure RNA?mRNA?rrna?

Answer 4

Messenger RNA mRNA the transcript of DNA, has hair pin structure
Ribosomal RNA rRNA ->translation, globular

Question 5

RNA tertiary structure (tRNA)

Answer 5

Transfer RNA-tRNA-> translation, L-shaped structure

Question 6

Protien structure?

Answer 6

Primary-sequence of amino acids
Secondary-alpha helix, beta pleated sheets
Tertiary-3-D folding, the structure determines function. The structure can be butterfly, doughnut or globular

Question 7

Human genome project-

Answer 7

discovered that human DNA is about 3 billion base pairs long which is aprox 20000 to25000

Question 8

What information does DNAs primary structure have?

Answer 8

Building a polypeptide or protein plus DNA store regulatory sequences for it transcription

Question 9

What is the strand of DNA called that holds info?

Answer 9

Template strand, the other only stabilizes

Question 10

What are two copies of genes called?

Answer 10

Alleles

Question 11

Every time a cell replicates/synthesizes t

Answer 11

he DNA must also be replicated

Question 12

DNA forms a template for its own?

Answer 12

Synthesis

Question 13

Messenger RNA

Answer 13

Eukaryotes transcribe and translate mRNA in different locations of the cell

Question 14

Transfer RNA

Answer 14

Acts as a go between to connect the codon on the mRNA with the proper amino acid

Question 15

Chromosome (colored bodies) =

Answer 15

Gene carrying structure consisting of a molecule of DNA and associated histone protiens

Question 16

What is the chromosomes attached to?

Answer 16

Section called centromere

Question 17

Present in nucleus of eukaryotic cell?

Answer 17

Chromosomes are normally dispersed within the nucleus

Question 18

When can chromosomes be seen?

Answer 18

When cell is getting ready to split

Question 19

Prokaryotes =

Answer 19

One chromosome , circular genome and sometimes a circle of extra DNA called a plasmid

Question 20

Eukaryotes

Answer 20

Multiple chromosomes , linear genome in pieces

Question 21

How many pairs do humans have of each of the “somes”?

Answer 21

23 pairs of chromosomes= 46 total
22 paid of autosomes=44 total
1 pair of sex chromosomes (2total)

Question 22

What is mtDNA

Answer 22

Mitochondrial DNA

Question 23

All pairs are exact copies of each other but

Answer 23

The genes in each are different

Question 24

Translation?

Answer 24

Coding sequence of mRNA is read in a 3-base units called codons which code for amino acids

Question 25

Certain codons can

Answer 25

Start and stop translation

Question 26

Ribosome

Answer 26

Globular protein +rRNA that moves along mRNA and aligns correct tRNA with each codon and serves as site of growing end of new protein

Question 27

Mutation

Answer 27

Permanent change in organisms DNA; a change in the genotype

Question 28

When are mistakes made?

Answer 28

DNA sythesis

Question 29

What correct most mistakes

Answer 29

Repair mechanisms

Question 30

If mistake->changes in primary sequence =changes in gene->

Answer 30

Changes in protein made from that gene

Question 31

Mutation get passed on during

Answer 31

Cell division

Question 32

What happens if a mutation changes a codon enough?

Answer 32

A new amino acid will be introduced

Question 33

Silent mutation

Answer 33

Change in nucleotides does not change amino acid specified by the codon. Changes in genotype does not change protein

Question 34

Missense/ replacement-

Answer 34

Change in nucleotide changes the amino acid. Changes genotype changes protein

Question 35

Frame shift

Answer 35

Addition or deletion of nucleotide, shifts the reading frame of the mRNA. Change in genotype, massive change in protein

Question 36

What are the functions of cell division?

Answer 36

Growth and development, tissue renewal, and a-sexual reproduction

Question 37

what is the first stage of cell cycle?

Answer 37

Gap1 (G1) doubling of cell contents, checking for errors

Question 38

what is the second stage of the cell cycle?

Answer 38

synthesis (S) doubling of chromosomes

Question 39

what is the third stage of cell cycle?

Answer 39

Gap 2 (G2); doubling cell contents, checking for error

Question 40

what is the forth stage of the cell cycle?

Answer 40

M= nuclear division; steps leading to creation of two nuclei (mitosis or meiosis)

Question 41

what is the fifth stage of the cell cycle?

Answer 41

G0= stage for cells that cease to divide

Question 42

most of the events of the cell cycle occur without

Answer 42

being visible

Question 43

G1 +S+ G2=?

Answer 43

Interphase

Question 44

is interphase visible?

Answer 44

no

Question 45

is mitosis (M) visible?

Answer 45

yes

Question 46

what is cytokinesis?

Answer 46

cell division and is follows the cell cycle

Question 47

length of cell cycle varies among?

Answer 47

cell types

Question 48

what stages of cell cycle remain constant?

Answer 48

S and M

Question 49

what are some details of intestinal cells cycle?

Answer 49

rapidly divide, 12 hour cycle and G1 is essentially eliminated.

Question 50

what are some details about mature cells and muscle cells?

Answer 50

do not divide and are permanently in G1 called G0

Question 51

what can change the length of a cell cycle?

Answer 51

conditions for example liver cells cycle can normally be up to 12 months but if there is significant damage then the cycle is 24-48 hours also yeasts and bacs. only divide in nutrient-rich environment.

Question 52

how is the cell cycle regulated?

Answer 52

by preventing uncontrolled cell division

Question 53

where are regulatory molecules?

Answer 53

cytoplasm

Question 54

where are cell cycle check points?

Answer 54

late G1, late G2 and Metaphase

Question 55

what is checked in late G1?

Answer 55

cell size is adequate and DNA is undamaged this ensures the cell is healthy and ready to replicate its DNA

Question 56

what is checked during late G2?

Answer 56

chromosomes replicated, DNA undamaged and that activated MPF is present

Question 57

what is checked during metaphase?

Answer 57

that all chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers(ensures all daughter cells have correct amount of DNA)

Question 58

what happens if late G1, Late G2 checkpoints fail?

Answer 58

uncontrolled cell division which leads to cancer

Question 59

what happens if the metaphase check point fails?

Answer 59

abnormal number of chromosomes which leads to disease

Question 60

What is MPF?

Answer 60

Cytoplasmic regulator that consists of 2 proteins together (dimer) a protein called cyclin and an enzyme of the protein kinase family called "cyclin-dependent kinase" Cdk

Question 61

What is a kinase?

Answer 61

An enzyme that phosphorylates a protein in order activate/inactivate

Question 62

When Cdk binds to cyclin and is phosphorylated at 2 sites

Answer 62

Then is inactive

Question 63

Late in G2 other enzymes remove 1 phosphate

Answer 63

Then Cdk is active

Question 64

When active what does Cdk phosphorylate?

Answer 64

Chromosomal protiens, nuclear envelope protiens(to break down envelope), micro tubule protiens (to build mitotic spindle) and enzyme to degrade itself

Question 65

What does the regulator protein P53 do?

Answer 65

Stopping cell cycle and allowing apoptosis to to occur p53 is the tumor suppressor

Question 66

Apoptosis

Answer 66

Programmed cell death (G0)

Question 67

What happens if cell is damaged?

Answer 67

It's either repaired or cell is put under apoptosis by p53