The Reformation

Question 1

Problems with Church

Answer 1

pluralism
absenteeism
simony

Question 2

Protestants’ central idea

Answer 2

salvation nothing to do with good works

Question 3

Melanchthon, Commentary on Romans, 1516

Answer 3

New concept of sin

Sin = result of the passions, in contrast to medieval notions that sin was disordered will (passion a good thing)

You will always be sinful because nobody can be freed from passions

Justice is imputed

Question 4

‘As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs’

Answer 4

Attributed to John Tetzel

Question 5

Issue of Basilica of St Peter’s expensive rebuilding

Answer 5

95 Theses. Enraged Luther

Question 6

Diet of Worms

Answer 6

1521

Question 7

Turks conquer Hungary

Answer 7

1526

Question 8

Luther returned to restrain extremists such as

Answer 8

Carlstadt and Münzer

Question 9

Lutherans of the North adopted the

Answer 9

Articles of Schwabach

Question 10

South German cities’ principles in the

Answer 10

Confessio Tetarpolitana, written by Bucer 1530 as a compromise between Zwingli and Luther

Question 11

Justification by faith alone
Bible = only rule of faith
Papacy = anti-Christ

Importance of predestination

Answer 11

Calvin, Insitutes of the Christian Religion, 1536

Question 12

Discipline and organisation of Calvinism

Answer 12

The Consistory - teacher-pastor-elder-(deacon)

Question 13

Concordat 1516

Answer 13

Francis I abandoned the Galician church in return for rights to appointments

Question 14

St Ignatius of Loyola, The Spiritual Exercises, 1522-4

Answer 14

Designed to strip mind of all distractions and force it to think about the ultimate issues

Catholic church should be obeyed without question
Praise Saints’ relics, indulgences, etc

Question 15

Protestant/ Catholic balance of power up in the air because

Answer 15

Charles V and Francis’s rivalry prevented a council

Question 16

Charles V’s abdication

Answer 16

1555

Question 17

Council of Trent, 1545-63

Answer 17

Provided rally for the Catholic forces of dogma and discipline and bear on abuses of Church mentioned at beginning

Originally proclaimed purpose of reuniting Christendom against Islam

Period one, 1545-7:
Ruled against Luther’s justification by faith alone
Effectively abolished plurality of bishoprics

Period three, 1562-3:
Enacted reform decrees on clerical morals and the establishment of seminaries
Defined that Christ = entirely present in both the consecrated bread and wine of the Eucharist

Question 18

Reforms of the Council of Trent rejected by

Answer 18

French courts

Question 19

Parish people must be catechised according the

Answer 19

The Council of Trent

Question 20

Luther, On War Against the Turk, 1529

Answer 20

Christian first needs to mend own ways

Failures in war so far because Pope condemns my articles

Disgusted that neither great Lords nor scholars at pains to give us any certain knowledge about life of Turks, spiritually or temporally

I have some of Koran - must translate into German so everyone can see what a ‘foul and shameful’ book it is

Islam rules with arms, as does Pope

Pope = antichrist
Turk = devil

Islam = polygamous

It is said, indeed, that the Turks are, among themselves, faithful and friendly. But Devil hides behind works of light

If emp were to destroy unbelievers must start with Pope, bishops, clergy

Jesus’s coming not far off

Charles V should do what he can do

Fighting Turk not like fighting King of France. Turk = different kind of warrior, with money and people in abundance

Question 21

All Italy must be turned upside down
Church must be renewed
Chaotic state of religion
Too many priests

Answer 21

Savonarola, ‘On the Renovation of the Church’, 1495

Question 22

Colet, Convocation Sermon, 1512

Answer 22

Criticises clergy’s way of life
eagerness/ hunger after honour/ dignity
lust for flesh

Question 23

Contarini’s Conversion Experience, 1511

Answer 23

Christ’s passion is completely sufficient for giving satisfaction for past sins

Question 24

Loyola, Letter to Father Peter Canisius on Opposing Heresy, 1554

Answer 24

Preach, teach in schools, scatter pamphlets
Bad example and ignorance of Catholics, especially clergy, has allowed this to spread
Society should - increase Jesuit colleges and schools and produce stimulating pamphlets

Question 25

Reluctant to expel Jews - contribute lots of money and royals had lots of Jewish friends in court

Answer 25

Letters of Ferdinand and Isabella

Question 26

Treaty of Westphalia

Answer 26

1648 This is when modern world of separation of church and state begins to emerge

Question 27

Rome endured for many centuries due to will of true God

Answer 27

Augustine, City of God, 413-426, Book 4

Question 28

Romans of ancient times = virtuous, and God rewarded that virtue, even though they didn't worship him

Answer 28

Augustine, City of God, 413-426, Book 6

Question 29

Doctrine of the 2 cities, one earthly one heavenly faith inseparable from success/ prosperity human history = predestined

Answer 29

Augustine, City of God, 413-426, Book 11

Question 30

Tradition of mirror of princes from now on

Answer 30

13th Century

Question 31

Most influential piece of advice for princes from tradition of mirror of princes Spiritual and temporal go together spiritual given priority over temporal in moral questions

Answer 31

Thomas Aquinas, De Regimine Principum, 1267

Question 32

Doctrine of cuius regio eius religio

Answer 32

Peace of Augsburg, 1555

Question 33

1st paragraph, description of hero - born of a place in La Mancha. Author doesn't want to 'call to mind' Name was Quixada, Quesada, Quexana Doesn't matter to tale - 'it will be enough not to stray a hair's breadth from the truth in the telling of it'

Answer 33

Cervantes Don Quixote, 2 vols 1605, 1615

Question 34

'I am a Christian woman' 'I was born of that race, unhappy and unwise, upon which a sea of misfortune has recently poured down' Crossed to Spain by boat despite Moriscos having been expelled

Answer 34

Ana Félix in Cervantes, Don Quixote

Question 35

Must intervene to stop spread of Protestantism with the inquisition

Answer 35

Letter from Charles V in retirement in a monastery to Phillip's regent, Joanna, 1557

Question 36

Burnings of Protestants in Spain

Answer 36

1557, 1559

Question 37

1st attempt to convert Muslims by force

Answer 37

1499

Question 38

After 2nd Revolt of the Alpujarras

Answer 38

Phillip II tried scattering Moriscos

Question 39

Race not category because

Answer 39

Medicine based on humorism If changed composition of humors would end up looking the same

Question 40

Very worried about eating what Indians would eat - were afraid would lose beards, lose weight, go brown Thought that if they gave these people European food would eventually end up looking like Spaniards

Answer 40

Letters of people with Columbus

Question 41

Miguel de Cervantes, Dialogue of the Dogs, 1613

Answer 41

The things I could tell you of these Morisco gangsters... It's a miracle if you find one among them who really believes in sacred Christian law They just want to pile up and hoard money, and to get it they work almost without eating They've been amassing Spain's biggest fortune Just think of their numbers They don't know the meaning of chastity Scipio - our republic has wise guardians who understand that Spain is breeding and sheltering all these Morisco vipers and will, with divine help, grant us sure, swift and certain relief

Question 42

Sancho talks to Morisco, who tells him how everyone in Germany free - grassroots perception of Moriscos like everyone else

Answer 42

Cervantes, Don Quixote

Question 43

Villanueva

Answer 43

Claims Cervantes criticises official policy of Morisco expulsion.

Question 44

Viceroy moved to tender compassion, hearing Félix's love Don Gregorio in most extreme danger, hiding among women dressed as woman in North Africa People allow Ana Félix to go free despite arriving with Turks who kill Christian soldiers, and plan rescue of Don Gaspar Gregorio

Answer 44

Cervantes, Don Quixote, Vol 2

Question 45

Spanish inquisition founded

Answer 45

1478

Question 46

Story of holy child of La Guardia

Answer 46

coven of Jews and conversos murdered Christian child, child Jesus. Crucified, insulted, heart cut out and elevated like the host

Question 47

Succession to throne of Portugal of Spanish monarchs

Answer 47

1580-1640

Question 48

Relief of Vienna

Answer 48

1683

Question 49

Tridentine decrees

Answer 49

Sermons must be preached at mass on Sundays Major feasts complemented by reminder of the bishop's obligation to provide preaching of the faith in his Cathedral and the parishes of his diocese

Question 50

Franciscans in Goa

Answer 50

1517

Question 51

Creation of bishopric in Goa

Answer 51

1534

Question 52

Arrival of Jesuit Francis Xavier in Goa

Answer 52

1547