The relations of the crusader states

Question 1

Who had a particularly difficult relationship with the Byzantines and why?

Answer 1

Bohemond; he refused to hand Antioch over to Alexius

Question 2

What was the result of Bohemond’s crusade against the Byzantines in 1105-1107?

Answer 2

The Treaty of Devol, which stated Bohemond would hold Antioch for Alexius, and although Bohemond agreed, Tancred did not

Question 3

Where did Bohemond attack in his failed crusade against the Byzantines?

Answer 3

Durazzo

Question 4

When did Alexius I die and who replaced him?

Answer 4

1118; John II

Question 5

What competition did John II have for his father’s throne and how did he deal with this?

Answer 5

His sister Anna; Anna was removed from public life and exiled after her husband backed out of the plan to overthrow John II

Question 6

When did John II attack Antioch?

Answer 6

1137 and 1142

Question 7

How did the crusader states react to John II’s army in 1137?

Answer 7

Raymond of Antioch, Joscelin (Edessa) and Raymond II of Tripoli all swore allegiance to the Byzantine Emperor, so all states except Jerusalem acknowledged John as their overlord

Question 8

When did John II die?

Answer 8

1142

Question 9

What agreement did John II make in 1137 with Raymond of Antioch and how did this affect the second crusade?

Answer 9

If John captured Aleppo and gave it to Raymond the Byzantines could have Antioch; Raymond tried to persuade Louis to help him take Aleppo so that he could have both cities without John’s help, giving John no leverage over Raymond

Question 10

What evidence is there to suggest there was a “crusading fever” in the Latin West?

Answer 10

The crusades of 1101 and 1110

Question 11

What evidence is there to suggest that when the crusader states needed help they looked West?

Answer 11

When Baldwin II needed a husband for Melisende he looked to the West, who provided Fulk of Anjou

Question 12

How did the West respond to Bohemond returning to the West in 1105 to recruit for his Byzantine crusade?

Answer 12

The welcomed him as a hero and he married the King of France’s daughter

Question 13

How did Bohemond’s nephew Tancred welcome Bohemond back to the East after his attack on Durazzo?

Answer 13

He did not welcome him back (he had become a liability), and Bohemond returned to Italy and died in 1111, it is thought to be from shame

Question 14

What caused Baldwin and Tancred to fall out, and when?

Answer 14

1108; Tancred had taken charge of Edessa while Baldwin was captured, and did not want to relinquish it when Baldwin returned because he realised how important it was

Question 15

Who did Baldwin and Tancred call on during their violence of 1108?

Answer 15

Their Muslim neighbours

Question 16

When did Roger of Antioch form an alliance with his Muslim neighbours, who against, and what was the result?

Answer 16

1114; The Sultan of Baghdad; They were victorious at the Battle of Sarim and Antioch enjoyed four more years of peace

Question 17

What was the tax called that was imposed on Christians living under Muslim rule?

Answer 17

The jizya

Question 18

In what way was life better for Muslims living under the crusaders?

Answer 18

The crusaders kept better control of coasts and trade routes, so Muslim traders were better protected from raiders

Question 19

Who followed Alexios on the Byzantine throne and what lands did he take?

Answer 19

John II; Cilicia and Armenia

Question 20

What was the outcome of John taking up positions outside Antioch in 1137?

Answer 20

All crusader states except Jerusalem acknowledged themselves as vassals of the empire

Question 21

In what year did John II try again to push Raymond from Antioch?

Answer 21

1142

Question 22

Who followed John II onto the Byzantine throne?

Answer 22

Manuel

Question 23

What did Reynald do that caused tension between the Byzantines and crusaders and how did Baldwin try to ease tensions?

Answer 23

Attacked Cyprus in 1156; Asked Manuel for a bride - Theodora (his niece

Question 24

How did Manuel punish Reynald for attacking Cyprus?

Answer 24

Made him dress as a penitent and elft him barefoot and bareheaded - must provide troops for the army

Question 25

Who did Manuel make a truce with in 1159/6?

Answer 25

Baldwin and Nureddin

Question 26

When and where did Manuel attack with Amalric?

Answer 26

Egypt in 1169

Question 27

What battle was lost for the Byzantines in 1176 and who were they fighting?

Answer 27

Myriokephalon; Kilij Arslan II

Question 28

Who took the throne following Manuel’s death in 1180?

Answer 28

Alexius II

Question 29

Who ruled after Alexius II and when?

Answer 29

Andronikus; 1183-1185

Question 30

What anti-Latin action did Andronikus take?

Answer 30

Uprisings in Latin quarters, Venetian and Genoese quarters badly hit