The Respiratory, Circulatory, and Immune System

Question 1

If ______ pass the non-specific first line of defence, they will cause an infection

Answer 1

Pathogens

Question 2

What is the name of the body’s second line of defence?

Answer 2

The immune system

Question 3

What does the immune system consist of?

Answer 3

Two types of white blood cell: phagocytes and lymphocytes

Question 4

What do phagocytes do?

Answer 4

1. Detect pathogen (attaracted to all) and bind to it.
2. Engulfs pathogen
3. Digestive enzymes are released
4. Breaks down the pathogen and destroys it

Question 5

What do lymphocytes do?

Answer 5

1. Detects foreign antigens
2. Produce + release antibodies that are complimentary to antigen
3. The antibodies cause pathogens to stick together so it is easier for phagocytes to engulf them

Question 6

What is a pathogen?

Answer 6

A disease-causing microorganism (viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi)

Question 7

What is a leucocyte?

Answer 7

A white blood cell

Question 8

What is the process of cells engulfing pathogens called?

Answer 8

Phagoctyosis

Question 9

What produces antibodies

Answer 9

White bloood cells

Question 10

What is natural immunity?

Answer 10

A persons resistenace to a disease due to encountering it before

Question 11

TRUE OR FALSE: The antibodies produced are specific to tone type of antigen and will not bind to other

Answer 11

TRUE

Question 12

TRUE OR FALSE: White blood cells produce antitoxins to naturalise bacterial toxins

Answer 12

TURE

Question 13

TRUE OR FALSE: Natural immunity can protect us from pathogens our bodies have not encountered before

Answer 13

FALSE

Question 14

What are the three types of blood vessel?

Answer 14

Arteries, veins and capillaries

Question 15

What is the heart?

Answer 15

It is a muscular organ that pumps blood around your circulatory system

Question 16

What is the circulartory system?

Answer 16

The circulatory system is the heart and all the blood vessels in the body which carry cells and substances to all its parts.

Question 17

What do arteries do?

Answer 17

• Carry blood away from the heart
• Carry oxygenated blood except for the pulmonary artery
• Carry blood under high pressure
• Have thick muscular + elastic walls to pump and accomodate blood
• A type f supporting tissue called connective tissue provides strength
• The lumen is narrow

Question 18

What do veins do?

Answer 18

• Carry blood back to the heart
• Carry deoxygenated blood except for the pulmonary vein
• Carry blood under negative or low pressure
• Have thin walls
• Have less connective tissue then the arteries
• The lumen is wide
• COntains one-way valves to stop backflow

Question 19

What are capirllaries?

Answer 19

They are the tiny blood vessels that branch out into every tissue in your body carrying substances your cells need like oxygen and glucose for respiration and for removing waste products like carbon dioxide. They have very thin walls to allow these substances to move by diffusion in and out of your cells. Capillaries join your arteries to your veins.

Question 20

Chambers in the heart

Answer 20

Top two -> atria (right atrium and left atrium)
Bottom two -> ventricles (right ventricle and left ventricle)
The atria collect blood and then pump them to the ventricles below. The ventricles then pump the blood to the body.

Question 21

What is plasma?

Answer 21

Yellow straw-like liquid that transports all cells, CO2, heat, mainly water

Question 22

What are platelets?

Answer 22

They clot the blood to prevent infection/loss of blood

Question 23

What is gas exchange?

Answer 23

Absorbing oxygen into the blood and removing carbon dioxide from the blood.

Question 24

What is diffusion?

Answer 24

The overall movement of particles of gas or liquid from an area of higher to lower concentration.

Question 25

How does oxygen travel into blood? (long)

Answer 25

Air is breathed into the lungs through the windpipe called the trachea. The trachea divides into two tubes called the bronchi. The bronchi divides into many tubes called bronchioles. The bronchioles divide until they end up in tiny air sacs called alveoli. There are millions of alveoli found within the lungs. These alveoli are surrounded by a network of capillaries, allowing for oxygen and carbon dioxide to be exchanged between the blood in the capillaries and the air in the lungs. The oxygen molecules are carried in red blood cells. The exchange of these two gasses occurs by a process called diffusion.

Question 26

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

Answer 26

- v large surface area - only one cell thick - lots of blood capillaries - moist surface

Question 27

What happens during inhalation (DIVPM)

Answer 27

Diaphragm: Contracts and moves downwards Intercostal muscles: Contract, moving the ribs upwards and outwards Volume of ribcage: Increase Pressure inside the chest: Decreases below atmospheric pressure Movement of air: Moves into the lungs

Question 28

What happens during exhalation (DIVPM)

Answer 28

Diaphragm: Relaxes and moves upwards Intercostal muscles: Relax, letting the ribs move downwards and inwards Volume of ribcage: Decrease Pressure inside the chest: Increases below atmospheric pressure Movement of air: Moves out of the lungs

Question 29

What is aerobic respiration?

Question 30

what is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 30

Respiration that is not occuring in the prescence of oxygen

Question 31

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

Answer 31

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water (C6H6O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O)