The Respiratory System

Question 1

What is Ventilation?

Answer 1

The movement of air in and out of the body

Question 2

What is Gas Exchange?

Answer 2

The exchange of CO2 and O2 between the air and the blood and between blood and other body cells

Question 3

What is Cellular Respiration?

Answer 3

The chemical breakdown of glucose to form ATP; uses O2, CO2 is a waste product

Question 4

Why do we need a ventilation system?

Answer 4

• To maintain a high concentration of gradients of gases in the lung
• maintains a concentration gradient of oxygen and CO2 between the air in the alveoli and blood flowing in adjacent capillaries

Question 5

What is respiration?

Answer 5

The exchange of CO2 and O2 in the body

Question 6

What is breathing?

Answer 6

The process of moving air in and out of the lungs

Question 7

What is external respiration?

Answer 7

The exchange of gases between the air and the blood

Question 8

What is internal respiration?

Answer 8

The exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues

Question 9

What is the respiratory track and in what order?

Answer 9

The passageway used to move air from the external environment to the lungs
nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, alveoli

Question 10

What is the nasal passage?

Answer 10

• where air enters

- warms, moistens, cleans incoming air

Question 11

What cells trap foreign materials from entering the cells?

Answer 11

Ciliated and mucus-secreting cells

Question 12

What are turbinate bones?

Answer 12

• in nasal passage
• increase SA of nasal passages
• good blood supply
• helps warm air

Question 13

What is the pharynx?

Answer 13

• throat

- passageway for air and food

Question 14

What is the epiglottis?

Answer 14

• prevents food from going into the trachea

Question 15

What is the glottis?

Answer 15

opening to the trachea

Question 16

What is the larynx made of?

Answer 16

cartilage

Question 17

What does the larynx contain?

Answer 17

vocal cords

Question 18

Where is the larynx located?

Answer 18

at glottis (opening of trachea)

Question 19

How are vocal cords normally? When you speak?

Answer 19

relaxed

tightened

Question 20

What are bronchi?

Answer 20

The two main branches of the trachea

Question 21

What are the bronchi supported by?

Answer 21

Cartilage

Question 22

What do the bronchi branch to?

Answer 22

bronchioles

Question 23

What are the bronchi and bronchioles lined with?

Answer 23

ciliated and mucus- producing cells

Question 24

What do the lungs contain?

Answer 24

the structures where gas exchange between air and blood occurs

Question 25

How many lobes in each lung?

Answer 25

3 on right | 2 on left (to make room for the heart)

Question 26

Describe the pleural membrane

Answer 26

- double layer membrane that connects the lungs to the thoracic cavity - outer layer is attached to cavity wall - inner layer is attached to lungs - two layers are connected by fluid

Question 27

What is the alveoli? | How many types?

Answer 27

- sacs where gas exchange actually occurs - clustered like grapes - alveolar wall is one cell thick

Question 28

What are the alveolus surrounded by?

Answer 28

- capillaries (small blood vessels)

Question 29

What do the Type 1 Pneumocytes do?

Answer 29

- have thin alvelar cells that adapt to carry out gas exchange - make up 90-95% of all pneumocytes

Question 30

What do the Type 2 Pneumocytes do?

Answer 30

- secrete a solution containing surfactant that creates a moist surface inside the alveoli to prevent the sides of the alveolus from adhering to each other by reducing surface tension

Question 31

What are surfactants?

Answer 31

compounds that lower the surface tension between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid

Question 32

What is Boyle's Law?

Answer 32

- Pressure of a gas varies inversely with volume | - As pressure increases, volume decreases

Question 33

What do they mean by the thoracic cavity is airtight?

Answer 33

The only exit and entrance is through trachea

Question 34

What is the diaphragm?

Answer 34

Dome- shaped muscle that separates thoracic from abdominal cavity

Question 35

What are intercostals?

Answer 35

Muscles between ribs (allows ribs to rise and fall)

Question 36

What is tidal volume?

Answer 36

The volume of air inhaled and exhaled under normal circumstances

Question 37

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 37

the additional volume one can inhale

Question 38

What is expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 38

the additional volume one can exhale

Question 39

What is vital capacity?

Answer 39

the total lung capacity (tidal volume+ inspiratory volume + expiratory reserve)

Question 40

What is residual volume?

Answer 40

The amount of air remaining, even after full exhalation

Question 41

What is a spirograph?

Answer 41

represents the amount of air that goes into and out of lungs in each breath

Question 42

where does gas exchange happen

Answer 42

between alveoli and capillaries

Question 43

how do gases move

Answer 43

via diffusion

Question 44

where does Co2 go | external respiration

Answer 44

it’s concentration is high in the blood so it diffuses into the alveoli

Question 45

where does the 02 go | external respiration

Answer 45

its concentration is high in the alveoli so it diffused into the blood

Question 46

explain the oxygen transport in blood

Answer 46

99% is carried by red blood cells (hemoglobin) rest is dissolved in plasma

Question 47

explain the CO2 transport in blood

Answer 47

70% is dissolved and carried as bicarbonate CO2 + H2O (H2C03) dissociates into H+ + HCO3- 23% is carried by hemoglobin 7% is carried in the plasma

Question 48

Why are H+ produced?

Answer 48

Otherwise the pH blood would be too low (H+ are acidic)

Question 49

How does internal respiration occur?

Answer 49

by diffusion

Question 50

Explain internal respiration

Answer 50

CO2 concentration is high in tissue, so it flows to blood | O2 concentration is high in blood, so it flows to tissue

Question 51

What is the strongest stimulus for breathing?

Answer 51

CO2

Question 52

.... CO2 in blood .... the pH

Answer 52

Increase, decreases

Question 53

What are chemoreceptors?

Answer 53

they stimulate the brain when they detect O2 and CO2.

Question 54

What is also stimulated when we inhale?

Answer 54

Diaphragm and Intercostals

Question 55

What is lung cancer?

Answer 55

the rapid division of cells in the lung | 85 % mortality

Question 56

What are some symptoms of lung cancer?

Answer 56

``` difficulty breathing persistent coughing coughing up blood fatigue appetite and weight loss ```

Question 57

What are some causes of lung cancer?

Answer 57

``` smoking- 87% second-hand smoke- 3% air pollution- 5% radon gas asbestos and silica (causes cell tissue to deform) ```

Question 58

What is Emphysema?

Answer 58

- instead of many thin-walled alveoli, individuals have fewer thicker- walled alveoli - lungs are less elastic, making ventilation more difficult

Question 59

What is the result of Emphysema?

Answer 59

less SA for gas exchange, so less effective gas exchange

Question 60

What are some causes of Emphysema?

Answer 60

- excess phagocytes which produce a protein- digesting enzyme called elastase - smokers have an excess of phagocytes - can also be genetic

Question 61

What is the treatment for Emphysema?

Answer 61

Oxygen supplementation