The Respiratory System

Question 1

Major functions of the respiratory system:

_____-Gas (oxygen and carbon dioxide) exchange between the external environment and the blood.

Answer 1

External Respiration

Question 2

Major functions of the respiratory system:
_____-Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid so removing carbon dioxide from the blood increases blood pH.

Answer 2

Maintain blood pH homeostasis

Question 3

Major functions of the respiratory system:

____- the vocal cords in the larynx vibrate as air is forced through producing sound to enable vocalization.

Answer 3

Sound production

Question 4

Major functions of the respiratory system:

_____-air is drawn into the nasal cavity where odorants dissolve into the mucous of the olfactory epithelium.

Answer 4

Smell

Question 5

Functional divisions of the respiratory system :
_____-series of interconnecting cavities and tubes that conduct air into and out of the lungs.
o Bulk flow of air into and out occurs here but no external respiration.
o Includes the Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and most bronchioles (with exception of the most distal respiratory bronchioles).

Answer 5

Conducting zone

Question 6

Functional divisions of the respiratory system :
_____-consists of those portions of the respiratory system where external respiration occurs.
o Includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs.

Answer 6

Respiratory zone

Question 7

_______- ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells found lining the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, trachea, and bronchi.
• Filters, moistens and warms air

Answer 7

Respiratory Mucous Membrane (Mucosa)

Question 8

Respiratory Mucous Membrane (Mucosa)

______-traps bacteria and foreign debris and moistens air

Answer 8

Mucus

Question 9

Respiratory Mucous Membrane (Mucosa)

______-sweeps mucus towards the pharynx

Answer 9

Cilia

Question 10

______-serves as the primary entrance into the respiratory system

Answer 10

Nose

Question 11

Nose:

______-opening to the exterior (nostrils)

Answer 11

External nares

Question 12

Nose
Nasal cavity :
_____-divides cavity into right and left sides

Answer 12

Nasal septum

Question 13

Nose
Nasal cavity :
____-increases turbulence of inspired air and increases exposure to respiratory mucosa

Answer 13

Nasal conchae

Question 14

Nose
Nasal cavity :
____-groove under the nasal conchae

Answer 14

Meatus

Question 15

Nose
Nasal cavity :
______-floor of nasal cavity and roof of the oral cavity

Answer 15

Hard and soft palate

Question 16

Nose
Nasal cavity :
______-opens posteriorly into the nasopharynx

Answer 16

Internal nares

Question 17

Nose
Nasal cavity :
______-– produce mucus and resonate sound

Answer 17

Paranasal sinuses

Question 18

_____-muscular passage extending from the nasal cavity to the larynx. It is divided into three regions:

Answer 18

Pharynx

Question 19

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

Answer 19

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Question 20

What region of the Pharynx is this?

____-superior portion of the pharynx, lies posterior to internal nares and superior to the soft palate

Answer 20

Nasopharynx

Question 21

Within the Nasopharynx:

_____-located on the posterior wall

Answer 21

Pharyngeal tonsil

Question 22

Within the Nasopharynx:

____-open into the nasopharynx

Answer 22

Eustachian tubes

Question 23

What region of the Pharynx is this?

_____-middle portion of the pharynx, lies posterior to the oral cavity, common passageway for food and air

Answer 23

Oropharynx

Question 24

Within the Oropharynx:

_____-located on the lateral walls

Answer 24

Palatine tonsils

Question 25

Within the Oropharynx: | _____-found at the base of the tongue

Answer 25

Lingual tonsil

Question 26

What region of the Pharynx is this? _____-inferior portion of the pharynx, extends from the hyoid bone to the esophagus (posterior) and the larynx (anterior)

Answer 26

Laryngopharynx

Question 27

_____-passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea. • Lies inferior to the hyoid and anterior to the esophagus (C4 – C6 level) • Produces sound and prevents food from entering the trachea • Consists of 9 segments of cartilage:

Answer 27

larynx

Question 28

What type cartilage of the Larynx is this? | ______-large anterior shield shaped cartilage

Answer 28

Thyroid cartilage

Question 29

What type cartilage of the Larynx is this? | ____-complete cartilage ring inferior to the thyroid cartilage

Answer 29

Cricoid cartilage

Question 30

What type cartilage of the Larynx is this? | _____-attach superiorly to the cricoid and anchors vocal cords.

Answer 30

Arytenoid cartilages

Question 31

What type cartilage of the Larynx is this? | _____-horn shaped tips that sit superiorly on the arytenoid cartilages

Answer 31

Corniculate cartilages

Question 32

What type cartilage of the Larynx is this? | _____-support the vestibular folds (false vocal cords).

Answer 32

Cuneiform cartilages

Question 33

What type cartilage of the Larynx is this? _____-spoon shaped elastic cartilage flap that projects from the anterior aspect of the larynx over the glottis  The larynx rises and the epiglottis moves downward to form a lid over the glottis when swallowing

Answer 33

Epiglottis

Question 34

Vocal cords _______-elastic ligaments attached to the arytenoid and thyroid cartilages  When pulled tight they vibrate and produce sound as air is expelled from lungs.

Answer 34

True vocal cords

Question 35

Vocal cords: | _____-opening between vocal cords

Answer 35

Glottis

Question 36

Vocal cords: _____-(false vocal cords) mucosal folds superior to true vocal cords  Sensitive to touch and will provoke coughing reflex to eject anything that enters the larynx

Answer 36

Vestibular folds

Question 37

_____-• Anterior to the esophagus from the larynx to ~T5 • Divides at the carina into the right and left primary bronchi • Lined with respiratory mucous membrane • C–shaped hyaline cartilage rings- prevent trachea from collapsing o Incomplete posteriorly to allow esophagus to expand anteriorly during swallowing (Trachealis muscle is smooth muscle filling the gap)

Answer 37

Trachea

Question 38

_____-large spongy organs composed mostly of elastic connective tissue

Answer 38

Lungs

Question 39

Where is the location of the lungs?

Answer 39

found in the thoracic cavity surrounded by the right and left pleural cavities.

Question 40

Lungs: | _____-superior point, deep to the clavicle

Answer 40

Apex

Question 41

Lungs: | _____-inferior broader portion, rests on diaphragm

Answer 41

Base

Question 42

Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures: | _____-three lobes; superior, middle, and inferior; has horizontal and oblique fissure.

Answer 42

Right lung

Question 43

Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures: ____-two lobes; superior and inferior, separated by the oblique fissure  Has the cardiac notch on the medial side

Answer 43

Left lung

Question 44

_____-double serous membrane that encloses and protects the lungs

Answer 44

Pleural membranes

Question 45

Pleural membranes | ______-covers the lung surface

Answer 45

Visceral pleura

Question 46

Pleural membranes _____-lines the walls of the thoracic cavity  Pleural fluid fills the area between layers to allow gliding and resist separation

Answer 46

Parietal pleura

Question 47

____-branching of bronchi into smaller and smaller branches

Answer 47

Bronchial Tree

Question 48

Bronchial Tree: ______-right and left branch from the trachea. o Enter the right and left lung at the hilus (medial depression)

Answer 48

Primary bronchi

Question 49

Bronchial Tree: | ____-one per lobe

Answer 49

Secondary bronchi

Question 50

Bronchial Tree: | ____-one per segment (subdivisions of the lobes)

Answer 50

Tertiary bronchi

Question 51

Bronchial Tree: | ____-small branches that have a thick smooth muscle layer and no cartilage

Answer 51

Bronchioles

Question 52

Bronchoiles divides into: | ____-lined with non-ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium

Answer 52

Terminal bronchioles

Question 53

Bronchoiles divides into: | _____-very thin wall made of simple squamous epithelium connects to the Alveolar ducts within alveolar sacs.

Answer 53

Respiratory bronchioles

Question 54

_____- Site of external respiration (gas exchange) between the blood and air in respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs.

Answer 54

Respiratory Membrane (air-blood barrier)

Question 55

_____-clusters air sacs with a thin wall of simple squamous epithelium

Answer 55

Alveolar sacs

Question 56

____-thin walled air sacs, each closely associated with capillaries

Answer 56

Alveoli

Question 57

Cells in the wall of Alveolar sacs?

Answer 57

* Type I alveolar cells * Type II alveolar cells * Macrophages

Question 58

Cells in the wall of Alveolar sacs | ____-simple squamous epithelium supported by elastic basement membrane

Answer 58

Type I alveolar cells

Question 59

Cells in the wall of Alveolar sacs | ____-- surfactant secreting cells produce oily fluid that reduces surface tension to prevent collapse of alveoli

Answer 59

Type II alveolar cells

Question 60

Cells in the wall of Alveolar sacs | _____-perform phagocytosis to engulf debris

Answer 60

Macrophages

Question 61

_____-movement of air into the lungs. • Contraction of the primary muscles of inspiration (diaphragm and external intercostal muscles) leads to increased volume of the thoracic cavity. Increasing volume decreases pressure and air flows into the lungs.

Answer 61

Inspiration

Question 62

_____-movement of air out the lungs. • Relaxation of the muscles of inspiration leads to decreased volume of the lungs. Decreasing volume increases pressure and air flows out of the lungs.

Answer 62

Expiration

Question 63

____-Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) move through the plasma membranes of cells by simple diffusion.

Answer 63

During Gas Exchange

Question 64

____-gas exchange between the blood of the pulmonary capillaries and air in the respiratory zone of the lungs. O2 moves into the blood and CO2 moves out.

Answer 64

External respiration

Question 65

____-gas exchange between the blood of the systemic capillaries and the tissues of the body. O2 moves out of the blood and CO2 moves in.

Answer 65

Internal respiration