The role of Chromosomes and Hormones in Gender development

Question 1

define gonads

Answer 1

the sex organs (testes or ovaries)

Question 2

define hormones

Answer 2

chemical substances produced by the body to regulate activity of particular cells or organs

Question 3

define pre natal

Answer 3

before birth

Question 4

define foetus

Answer 4

a developing embyro

Question 5

define hypothalamus

Answer 5

small structure in the brain that regulates many bodily functions

Question 6

define adrenal glands

Answer 6

a group of cells in the body that produce and release hormones

Question 7

define primary characteristics

Answer 7

the defining biological characteristics of a gender before puberty

Question 8

define secondary characteristics

Answer 8

the defining biological characteristics of a gender as a result of puberty

Question 9

what is the process of sex and gender according to biological theory

Answer 9

chromosomes
|
Gonads
|
Hormones
|
Behaviour

Question 10

How do we develop gender according to biological theory

Answer 10

• Each human cell has a Nucleus.
• In the Nucleus are 23 pairs of Chromosomes.
• The Chromosomes are created by the Gene Sequence (DNA) as ​inherited from our biological parents (50%-50%) and determine our ​physical characteristics.

Question 11

what sex are the chromosomes XY

Answer 11

MALE

Question 12

what chromosomes does the female sex have

Answer 12

XX

Question 13

what are chromosomes

Answer 13

These are ​part of our DNA and make our sexual ​identity male or female.

Question 14

at what point do genes cause gonads to develop

Answer 14

at 6 weeks either ovaries or testes are formed

Question 15

what happens once gonads are formed

Answer 15

they ​begin to produce different levels of sex ​hormones which affect gender ​development.

Question 16

why do males form testes and females do not

Answer 16

the SRY ​gene, causes the gonads, females have no Y chromosome, so it will not have the SRY gene and will develop varies

Question 17

what do testes produce

Answer 17

androgens

Question 18

what do ovaries produce

Answer 18

oestrogenS

Question 19

what do hormones affect

Answer 19

affect pre-natal development and behaviours after birth

Question 20

how does andorgens, mainly testosterone, influence male behaviour

Answer 20

• makes the brain superior to certain skills e.g visuospatial and maths
  Other changes also occur due to testosterone:
• aggression
  -superior mathematical skills
• superior spatial skills
• facial ahir
  -muscle growth
• deep voice
• categorising
• understanding systems

Question 21

how does oestrogens, mainly oestrogen, change the female brain to be more superior at certain things

Answer 21

• superior at verbal skills and fine motor skills
• sensitive
  -menstruation
• breast growth
• empathising

Question 22

Outline the biological explanation of gender development (6)

Answer 22

Chromosomes - Our genetic makeup causes us to have either XX or ​XY which will determine our sex.

Hormones - Dependant on our sex, we produce specific hormones ​which will affect external genitalia, pre and post-natal development and ​in turn, our gender identity.

External Genitalia - The child has a certain external genital (penis or ​vagina) and therefore is labelled at birth as a boy or girl. This creates ​their gender identity.

Brain Development - Exposure to hormones makes you more likely ​to have a masculine or feminine brain.

Behaviour - Due to these changes, we see a difference in the ​behaviour.

YOU MUST SAY THAT THEY ADOPT GENDER ROLES DUE TO BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS!

Question 23

what are 3 important hormones for gender development

Answer 23

testosterone
oestrogen
oxytocin

Question 24

what are the biological impacts of oxytocin

Answer 24

This hormone causes milk to flow ​for women allowing breast feeding.

Related to orgasm and faster ​wound healing in men and women.

Changes in the fight or flight ​response for women changing it to ​tend or befriend.

Question 25

what are the psychological impacts of oxytocin

Answer 25

Promotes feelings of bonding, ​contentment and calmness often ​referred to as the love hormone.

Question 26

what hormone is dominant in men? and when does it begin to be produced?

Answer 26

TESTOSTERONE 8 weeks of foetal development

Question 27

what is testosterones impact

Answer 27

its developed in the development of male sexual organs, aggression, spatial skills, muscle growth and a deep voice

Question 28

what hormone is dominant in females and determines female sexual characteristics and menstruation

Answer 28

Oestrogen

Question 29

what is oestrogen associated with

Answer 29

heightened emotions and irrationality during menstrual cycle being sensitive superior verbal skills breast growth

Question 30

what case study using twins supports the biological theory

Answer 30

The reimer twins - Dr money

Question 31

why did the reimer twins become under the care of Dr Money

Answer 31

the reimer twins went in for a routine circumcision, unfortunately bruce's penis was burnt off. His mother went to Money for help

Question 32

what did Dr Money suggest should be done to Bruce after his failed circumcision

Answer 32

he suggested bruce be raised as a girl, so when he turned 18 mnths old he was castrated and a rudimentary vulva was created for him. The family was to call him Brenda and to treat him like a little girl

Question 33

TRUE or FALSE: Dr money thought it was a success in changing bruce to brenda

Answer 33

TRUE, he DID as brenda displayed feminine characteristics such as the toys she played with and the clothes she wore

Question 34

What happened for brenda for the sex change to be unsuccessful

Answer 34

- brenda behaved in a distinctly masculine fashion, she liked running, fighting and climbing and loathed playing with dolls - she had no friends ad her brother was embarrassed to play with her she was lonely - she hated visit DR money - Dr Money insisited for her to fully understand she was a girl she had to know the difference between boys and girls, he did this by talking about their genitalia - Dr Money tried convincing her to have a vagina constructed, one way was by hsowing graphic photos of women giving birth to show she need a 'baby hole' at 7 years old - and at 12 tried to convince her she needed hormone tablets to growth breasts - this made brenda feel traumatised and became suicidal

Question 35

what happened when brenda turned 13

Answer 35

the family told her and her brother the truth, she was relieved as she felt she had gone insane. Almost immediately she turned herslef back into a boy and called herself David.

Question 36

TRUE or FALSE: Did David/Brenda/Bruce have a penis reconstructed

Answer 36

TRUE He used the compensation money form his failed circumsion to have a ew penis reconstructed

Question 37

What happened in davids later life

Answer 37

he met Jane Fontane, they married. His relationship with his brother worsened.

Question 38

Why did David and Brians relationship worsen as they got older

Answer 38

Brian felt that david, as brenda, recived all the attention when growing up, once discovering he was no longer th eonly boy in the family, he became extremely angry. He became mentally distrubed, developing into Schizophrenia. After Brians 2 failed marriages he died, possibly adrug overdose, potentially a suicide.

Question 39

What happened to David after his brother died

Answer 39

david never managed to complete his education, took on semi skilled work. He was made redundant and unemployed for. ayear. He tried to sale the movie rights for his story however, lost money because the investor left. He was striken with grief, his marriage started to fail, Jane asked for a short seperation, David took this badly. david returned to his parents for a few days, then left to a supermakret carpark where he shot himself, at 38 years old.

Question 40

what was the aim of Meads investiagtion

Answer 40

to investigate the differences in gender roles in different cultures

Question 41

what was the procedure of Meads investigation into differences of gender across culture

Answer 41

spent 2 years observing 3 diff tribes in New Guinea Arapesh, Mundugumor and tchambuli

Question 42

What did Mead find when investigating gender roles across different cultures

Answer 42

differences are cultural nto biological, hwoever males were more aggressive than females Arapesh men and women were mor egentle Mundugumor men and women were violent and aggressive The Tchambuli had gender differences where women were dominant

Question 43

what did Mead conclude from his investigation into gender roles differences across culture

Answer 43

there are many different aspects to gender depending on culture

Question 44

strength of biological explanations of the role of chromosomes and hormones in gender development

Answer 44

P:P: Research evidence supports the strong role of chromosomes and hormones in gender development E: Diamond and Sigmundson (1997) studied the case of the Reimer twins, where one twin was raised as a girl after a surgical accident, but later reverted to living as a male. E: : Despite being socialised as a girl, the individual experienced significant distress and identified as male in adolescence, suggesting that biological influences like chromosomes and hormones had a stronger impact than social factors L: This supports the view that biological factors play a crucial and possibly dominant role in the development of gender identity Create New Card (or TAB through to next card) Use AI to turn lessons & class notes into flashcards automatically! Download our mobile app or use our desktop website.

Question 45

limitation of biological explanations of the role of chromosomes and hormones in gender development

Answer 45

P; A limitation of the biological explanation of gender is that it may ignore the role of culture E: Mead (1935) studied tribal groups in Papua New Guinea and found significant cultural differences in gender roles—for example, in the Tchambuli tribe, women were dominant and men were more emotional E: suggests that gender roles are not solely determined by biology but are heavily influenced by cultural norms and socialisation L: Therefore, the biological explanation may be overly simplistic, as it fails to account for cross-cultural variations in gender behaviour