The Scottish Campaigns Flashcards
Which king of Scotland died in 1286 without a son?
Alexander III
Following the death of Margaret of Norway, who did Edward pick?
John Balliol in 1292 as he thought Balliol would be easy to control
Requested homage to fight the French, but the Scots deposed of Balliol in 1295 and replaced him with 12 guardians.
Edward decides to invade Scotland.
Who did the Scots make an alliance with after they deposed
the unpopular John Balliol?
France
After Edward’s financial exactions made him incredible
unpopular, who led the rebellion against him in 1297?
William Wallace
a. Scottish Campaign 1
- Berwick (Scotland’s main port) got taken by siege and 7,000 Scottish died
- Edward used Berwick as a base to bring in settlers
- Dunbar (City) English cavalry easily beat the Scottish cavalry
- Stirling Castle acted as a gateway to Northern Scotland.
- News of Edward’s success meant the garrison had fled and Edward faced no resistance.
- The Stone of Destiny was moved to Westminster Abbey, having been used to crown Scottish kings of the past.
a. Scottish Campaign 1 - SWIRL
- Demonstrates brutality towards Scots
- Creates difficulty in controlling Scotland long-term
- Further damages reputation by stealing SoD
b. English Campaign 2
- Edward left English officials to run Scotland for him.
- The Scottish faced high taxes and demands for troops to fight in Gascony.
- Wool crop was confiscated to pay Edward’s debts.
- Balliol’s land was given to English and Scottish Edward supporters.
b. English Campaign - SWIRL
- Demonstrates control over Scotland
- Forcing resources away from Scotland asserts dominance
- Distributing Balliol’s land destroys his legacy and what’s left of his supporters
c. Scottish Campaign 2
Battle of Stirling Bridge
1297
- William Wallace raided English garrisons and won enough support to raise an army
- Wallace and De Moray used the narrow bridge over the river Forth and the waterlogged banks of the river to neutralise the English cavalry charge
- The English army was not being led by Edward, pushed out of Scotland completely
- Wallace was then named the Guardian of Scotland and inspired further rebellion
c. Scottish Campaign 2 SWIRL
- Sets back Edward’s efforts as it proves that Scotland still has people who support rebellions
- Using English garrisons proves that English don’t support Edward enough to stay loyal to him
d. Scottish Campaign 3
Battle Of Falkirk
1298
- Wallace invades England
- Edward convinces English nobles to fund a further campaign, who were alr unhappy about his focus on Scotland
- The Scottish used new schiltrom tactics, (circles of infantry with long spears)
- Edward uses his longbows to weaken them
- Wallace escapes and asks the Pope for support.
- The Pope demands Edward respect Scotland’s historic independence, or face excommunication.
d. Scottish Campaign 3 SWIRL
- Scottish have the Church on their side
- Diminishes the Pope’s trust in Edward -> Lower RA
e. Scottish Campaign 4
No name
1304-5
- 200 ships delivering supplies and engineers building bridges across the River Forth
- Most Scottish rebels submitted to Edward’s overwhelming force by 1304
- Edward held a Scottish parliament and promised to keep following all the traditional Scottish laws.
- 18/22 sheriffs were Scots.
- He put John of Brittany (english) in charge of govt.
e. Scottish Campaign 4 SWIRL
- The Scottish are trying to trust him, but all the Scots that he killed and murdered are still holding animosity towards him
f. Capture and death of William Wallace
- 1305 capture and taken to London
- Guilty of treason.
- Strangled by hanging, revived, emasculated, disembowelled, (bowels burnt before him), beheaded, quartered, head dipped in tar, placed on a spike atop London Bridge and one of each of his limbs displayed in Newcastle, Berwick, Stirling and Perth.
