The Search For Understanding

Question 1

criminology

Answer 1

the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon

Question 2

theory

Answer 2

a statement regarding the relationship between two or more variables

Question 3

nonscientific theories

Answer 3

Theories emerging moral weakness and evil spirits as the cuase of criminality

Question 4

Classical School

Answer 4

The school of thought that individuals have free will to choose whether or not to sommit crimes

Question 5

Positivist School (positivism)

Answer 5

One of three major schools of criminology

Question 6

determinsim

Answer 6

the perception that individuals have no free will to choose their behavior

Question 7

biological determisim

Answer 7

A belief that crime is caused by a biolocical or biochemical influence over which the

Question 8

psycholigical theory

Answer 8

the idea that criminal behavior is a result of emotions, drives and mental defects

Question 9

sociogical determinsim

Answer 9

Crime is caused by socioeconomic condditions and social interactions and values

Question 10

neoclassical theories

Answer 10

A contemporary view of classical school theory that believes there are mitgrating circumstances for criminal acts such as the age of mental capacity of the offender and the

Question 11

Cesare Beccaria

Answer 11

The founder of classical school theories

Question 12

pain-pleasure principle

Answer 12

A phisophical axiom that people are rational and that people seek to do that which brings them pleasue and to avoid that which cuases them pain

Question 13

neoclassical school of criminology

Answer 13

a school of thought that is similar to classical school theories, except for the beliefs that there are migating circumstances fo ciminal acts, such as the age or mental capacity of the offender, and that punishment should fit the crime

Question 14

felicitic calculus

Answer 14

The balacing of pain and pleasure as a means to discourage criminal behavior

Question 15

utiltariansism

Answer 15

A philosophy believing a rational system of jurisprudence provides for the greatest happieness for the greatest number of people

Question 16

scientific method

Answer 16

The assumption that repeating testing of a hypothesiss should result in similar results

Question 17

Positive School

Answer 17

Modern theories of cime, primarily based on sociology and psychology, that people commit crimes because of uncontrabllable internal or external factors which can be observed and measured

Question 18

determisnist

Answer 18

Causes of criminal behavior are not controlled by free will choice, but rather influenced by factors that are beyond the control of the individual

Question 19

Richard Dugdale

Answer 19

Engaged in esearch attempting to link herdity to criminal behavior in his study of the Jukes

Question 20

Henry Goddard

Answer 20

He studied the Martin Kalikak’s family tree attempting to link heredity to criminality

Question 21

Ada Jukes

Answer 21

Labled by Richard Dugdale as the mother of ciminals

Question 22

What do Chicago School criminologists believe to be the underlSocial disorganization theoy?

Answer 22

Park and Burgees research that criminal behavior is dependent on disruptive social foces not on individual characteristics

Question 23

Social disorganization theory

Answer 23

Park and burgees research that criminal behavio is dependent on disuptive social forces, not on individual characteristics

Question 24

anomie

Answer 24

A feelign of nomlessness and lack of belonging that people feel when they become socially isolated

Question 25

cultural deviance theories

Answer 25

The idea that for the most part the values of subcultural groups within the society are moe influential upon individual behavior and interactions than laws

Question 26

Female Gential Multilation (FGM)

Answer 26

Cultural practice of removing external gentialia of young girls or women fo nonmedical purpose

Question 27

reaction formation

Answer 27

Describes how lower class youths reject middle-class values

Question 28

social control theory

Answer 28

The focus on the social and cultural values that excert control over and reivorce the behavior of indivuals

Question 29

neutralization theory

Answer 29

the concept that most people commit some type of criminal act in their lives and that many people and prevented from doing

Question 30

social bond

Answer 30

Describes four elements that prevent deliquency attachment, commitment, involvement and belief

Question 31

labeling theory

Answer 31

Explains deviant behavior, especially juvenile deliquency, by examining socity's reactions to behaviors that are labled as deviant

Question 32

conflict theories

Answer 32

The ideas that the most politcally and socially powerful individuals and organizations use the legal system to exploidt less powerful indiduals and to retain their power and privleges

Question 33

feminist criminology

Answer 33

The proposal that female crimal behavior is caused by the politcal economic, and social inequality between men and women

Question 34

radical criminologicsts

Answer 34

Those who advocate conflict theories and class and power inequality as the causes of crime

Question 35

instituinonal discrimination

Answer 35

The unjust and discriminationory

Question 36

social bond

Answer 36

describes four elements that prevent deliquency attachment commitment involment and belief

Question 37

labeling theory

Answer 37

Explains deviant behavior, especially juvenile deliquency by examining socity's reactions to behaviros that are labled as deviant

Question 38

conflict theories

Answer 38

The idea that the most politically and sociallu poweful individuals and organizations use the legal system to exploit less powerful individuals and to etain thei powerful and privleges

Question 39

feminist criminology

Answer 39

the proposal that female criminal behavior is cause dby the political econoic and social inequality between men and women

Question 40

radical criminologists

Answer 40

Those who advocate conflict theories andclass and power inequality as the couses

Question 41

instituional discriminaltion

Answer 41

The unjust and discriminatory mistretment of individuals as they are engaged in plice, court and correntional based institutions

Question 42

ethical standards of behavior

Answer 42

Legal sanctions that prohibit experimentation that may harm subjects and regulates the degree of deception of subjects researchers may use in expierement

Question 43

casual variables

Answer 43

Variables that directly influence the outcome of relationships

Question 44

correlation

Answer 44

When two variables are associated with each other in that when one increases the other increases or decreases in a predictable pattern

Question 45

victimology

Answer 45

The study of vitims and the patterns of how they are victimized

Question 46

victim-preiptiation theories

Answer 46

Theories based on the concept that victims themselves precipitation theories, contribute to, provoke, or actuallycause the outcome of their vitimization

Question 47

Routines activities theory

Answer 47

A theory that assumes that all humans are motivated by the desire to have things that give them pleasue or benefit motivated by the desire to have things that give them pleasure or benefit them and to avoid those things and situations that inflict pain

Question 48

predatory crime

Answer 48

Acts involving direct physical contact between at least one offender and at least one person or object, which that offender attempts to take or damage