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BIO172E > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Support soft tissues and provide attachment for tendons of the skeletal muscles
  • Protect important internal organs
  • Assist in movement
  • Mineral homeostasis of calcium and phosphorus
  • blood cell production
    Triglyceride (fat) storage
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2
Q

Shaft and composed of compact bone

A

Diaphysis

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3
Q

Ends of the bone
Composed mostly of spongy bone
Contains red marrow

A

Epiphysis

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4
Q

Cavity of the shaft
Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults

A

Medullary Cavity

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5
Q

Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
Made of hyaline cartilage
Decreases friction at joint surfaces

A

Articular Cartilage

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6
Q

Does the Axial or Appendicular Skeleton include the skull, hyoid apparatus, auditory bones, vertebral column, ribs and sternum appendicular?

A

Axial

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7
Q

Does the Axial or Appendicular Skeleton include the Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges

A

Appendicular

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8
Q

Remove mineralized and organic bone matrix through a process called resorption

A

Osteocytes

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9
Q

Degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodeling and mediate bone loss in pathological conditions

A

Osteoclasts

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10
Q

Synthesize bone matrix and coordinate the mineralization of the skeleton

A

Osteoblasts

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11
Q

Support, protection and movement

A

Compact Bone

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12
Q

Provides balance to the dense and heavy compact bone by making bones lighter so that muscles can move them more easily

A

Spongy bone

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13
Q

Would you find compact bone or spongy bone on the interior of the bone?

A

Spongy Bone

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14
Q

Covers the bone, has many sensory nerve endings

A

Periosteum

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15
Q

Longer than they are wide

A

Long bone

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16
Q

Small cubes or marshmallows

A

Short bone

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17
Q

Thin and flat

A

Flat bone

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18
Q

“Miscellaneous” or do not fit into any of the other categories

A

Irregular bone

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19
Q

Shaped like sesame seeds

A

Sesamoid bone

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20
Q

Where are long bones found?

A

Arms, legs, bones of the wrist and ankle

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21
Q

Where are short bones found?

A

Wrist and ankle

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22
Q

Where are flat bones found?

A

Skull, ilium, sternum and rib cage

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23
Q

Where are irregular bones found?

A

Vertebrae and some bones in the skull

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24
Q

Where are sesamoid bones found?

A

Hind limbs and fore limbs

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25
Q

What is the biggest sesamoid bone in the body?

A

The Patella

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26
Q

How many cervical vertebrae does an elephant have?

A

Seven

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27
Q

How many cervical vertebrae does a mouse have?

A

Seven

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28
Q

How many cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral and Caudal vertebrae does a Pig have?

A

Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 14-15
Lumbar: 6-7
Sacral: 4
Caudal: 20-23

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29
Q

How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal vertebrae does a horse have?

A

Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 18
Lumbar: 6
Sacral: 5
Caudal: 15-20

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30
Q

How many Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral and Caudal Vertebrae does a cow have?

A

Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 13
Lumbar: 6
Sacral: 5
Caudal: 18-20

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31
Q

How many Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Caudal Vertebrae does a Goat have?

A

Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 13
Lumbar: 7
Sacral: 4
Caudal: 12

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32
Q

How many Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Caudal Vertebrae does a Sheep have?

A

Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 13
Lumbar: 6-7
Sacral: 4
Caudal: 16-18

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33
Q

How many Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Caudal vertebrae does a dog/cat have?

A

Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 13
Lumbar: 7
Sacral: 3
Caudal: 20-23

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34
Q

Parts of a dogs skull

A

Incisive
Nasal
Maxilla
Lacrimal
Palatine
Frontal
Zygomatic
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Mandible

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35
Q

Parts of a cats skull

A

Interparietal
Occipital
Temporal
Palatine
Zygomatic
Dentary
Parietal
Sphenoid
Frontal
Lacrimal
Maxilla
Nasal
Premaxilla

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36
Q

Parts of a cows skull

A

Mental foramen
Incisive b
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Nasal b
Lacrimal b
Zygomatic b
Zygomatic arch
Frontal b
Nuchal crest
Parietal b
Temporal b
Occipital b
Atlas
Palatine b
Mandible

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37
Q

Parts of a horse skull

A

Incisive
Maxilla
Nasal
Zygomatic
Lacrimal
Mandible
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

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38
Q

What are joints?

A

The junctions between bones

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39
Q

When is the prefix arthro used?

A

When referring to joints

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40
Q

Looking inside a joint with a endoscope

A

Arthroscopy

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41
Q

Fusing a joint to make it immovable

A

Arthrodesis

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42
Q

What is the term articular used for?

A

To describe the end of the bones where they come together

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43
Q

What does the articular surface of bones have?

A

A thin layer of of hyaline cartilage covering a thin layer of compact bone that covers cancellous bone

44
Q

Strong connective tissues bands that help hold the joints together

A

Ligaments

45
Q

Fibrous bones

A

Bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue

46
Q

Cartilaginous

A

Bones are United by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

47
Q

Synovial

A

Bone ends are contained in a synovial cavity

48
Q

A thin layer of dense connective tissue bonds the bones together. These may ossify (become bone) as the animal ages. The bones of the skull are this type of joint.

A

Suture

49
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue usually a ligament. The tibiofibular joint is an example.

A

Syndesmosis

50
Q

Substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue. Examples include the radius, ulna, tibia, tibia, the splints and cannon one of the horse

A

Interosseous membrane

51
Q

Initial connection is by a hyaline cartilage but becomes a synostosis (bony joint) when bone growth ceases

A

Synchondrosis

52
Q

Bone ends are covered by hyaline cartilage but joined by fibrocartilage. All are on the midline.

A

Symphysis

53
Q

All synovial joints have…

A

Synovial cavity
Joint capsule
Articular cartilage

54
Q

Synovial joints may have…

A

Ligaments
Menisci (discs)
Bursa

55
Q

What is Bursa, where is it located and what is its function?

A

Bursa is a fluid filled sac. They are located where muscles and tendons move over bony joint areas. Their function is to reduce friction caused by muscles and tendons moving against skin and bones, as well as to facilitate movement

56
Q

Synovial joints are diarthrosis, What does Diarthrosis mean?

A

Freely moveable

57
Q

Decrease the angle between articulating bones

A

Flexion

58
Q

Increase the angle between articulating bones

A

Extension

59
Q

Extension beyond normal anatomical position

A

Hyperextension

60
Q

Movement away from midline

A

Abduction

61
Q

Movement toward the midline

A

Adduction

62
Q

Twisting movement of a part on its axis

A

Rotation

63
Q

Flexion, abduction, extension, adduction, and rotation in succession (or reverse) distal end of body part moves in a circle

A

Circumduction

64
Q

Cranial movement in the transverse plane (Humans)

A

Protraction

65
Q

Caudal movement in the transverse plane (humans)

A

Retraction

66
Q

Movement of forelimb that turns palm cranial (humans)

A

Supination

67
Q

Movement of forelimb that turns palm Caudal (humans)

A

Pronation

68
Q

The term used to describe the motion of a joint

A

Axial

69
Q

___joints only move in a single plane. The elbow joint is an example it will only flex and extend

A

Uniaxial

70
Q

____Joints allow for motion within two planes, an example would be the metacarpophalangeal joint in some animals such as dogs and cats where they can flex and extend the joint but also spread the toes

A

Biaxial

71
Q

____joints can move in 3 planes. The hip is an example of a triaxial joint in animals

A

Triaxial

72
Q

Left or right?

A

If we’re looking at an animal dead in the side is opposite, their right is their left and their left is their right

73
Q

What are the five functions of bones?

A

Support
Protection
Leverage
Storage
Blood cell formation

74
Q

How does the bones support? (function)

A

Spinal processes support the cranium

75
Q

How does the bones protect? (Function)

A

Ribs protect the lungs and the heart, spinal processes protect the spinal cord

76
Q

How do bones leverage?

A

Attached to muscles, bones allow for us to walk, jump and run

77
Q

How do bones store (storage)?

A

We store calcium, various minerals and blood

78
Q

Blood cell formation

A

Hematopoietic tissue in one marrow produces new blood

79
Q

If an animal or human breaks a large bone can they bleed to death and why?

A

They do have the potential to bleed to death because of that significant blood cell formation

80
Q

Types of bones (5 types)

A

Flat bones
Short bones
Irregular bones
Long bones
Other

81
Q

Is the scapula a short bone?

A

Yes

82
Q

Called the shoulder blade on humans. Called the ___ in dogs, cats, horses and cows

A

Scapula

83
Q

True or False… a lot of the bones that make up the cranium/the skull itself are also flat bones

A

True, a lot of the bones that make up the cranium/the skull itself are also flat bones

84
Q

Make up the Carpus and the Tarsus, they are the bones within the carpal joint and within the tarsal joint

A

Short bones

85
Q

Spinal vertebrae, the patella, the fibula and the navicular bone

A

Irregular bones

86
Q

Found where a tendon passes over a joint and they prevent the tendon from flattening and sticking to the joint

A

Sesamoid bones

87
Q

Types of _____ include a Demi and radius bones

A

Long bones

88
Q

Bone in the “other” category

A

Os Penis

89
Q

Ends of the bone (long bone) ?

A

Epiphsis

90
Q

Shank of the bone (long bone) ?

A

Diaphysis

91
Q

Cartilage that sits along the joint surface (long bones)

A

Articular cartilage

92
Q

Other structures of a long bone

A

Spongy bone (also called cancellous bones)
Epiphyseal playe
Red marrow cavities
Compact bone
Endosteum
Medullary cavity
Yellow marrow
Periosteum

93
Q

A growth plate

A

Epiphyseal Plate

94
Q

Looks like a sponge and is made up of tiny spicules of bone

A

Spongy bone

95
Q

Found in the little spaces between the spicules, helps reduce the weight of the bone without impeding function

A

Red marrow cavities

96
Q

A lot heavier and a lot more densely packed

A

Compact bone

97
Q

Contains the yellow marrow

A

Medullary cavity

98
Q

Makes up most of the cartilage

A

Hyaline

99
Q

Found in ears and epiglottis

A

Elastic

100
Q

Needs to take a lot of pressure, located between the vertebrae of the spine

A

Fibrocartilage

101
Q

Head, Torso, Spine, Rib cage and skull

A

Axial

102
Q

Appendages and Limbs

A

Appendicular

103
Q

What makes up bone?

A

Nervous tissue
Connective tissue
Cartilage
Blood vessels
Protein and minerals

104
Q

Bones…

A

Allow us to be physical
Support and protection
Provide mineral storage
Provide fat storage
Hormone production
Blood cell formation

105
Q

Hollow bones in birds that are connected to their respiratory system. They contain air sacs and this helps birds in flight

A

Pneumatized bones

106
Q

A fusion of certain vertebrae in the pelvic region (birds)

A

Synsacrum

BIO172E (17 decks)

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