The Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
A
- Support soft tissues and provide attachment for tendons of the skeletal muscles
- Protect important internal organs
- Assist in movement
- Mineral homeostasis of calcium and phosphorus
- blood cell production
Triglyceride (fat) storage
2
Q
Shaft and composed of compact bone
A
Diaphysis
3
Q
Ends of the bone
Composed mostly of spongy bone
Contains red marrow
A
Epiphysis
4
Q
Cavity of the shaft
Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
A
Medullary Cavity
5
Q
Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
Made of hyaline cartilage
Decreases friction at joint surfaces
A
Articular Cartilage
6
Q
Does the Axial or Appendicular Skeleton include the skull, hyoid apparatus, auditory bones, vertebral column, ribs and sternum appendicular?
A
Axial
7
Q
Does the Axial or Appendicular Skeleton include the Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges
A
Appendicular
8
Q
Remove mineralized and organic bone matrix through a process called resorption
A
Osteocytes
9
Q
Degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodeling and mediate bone loss in pathological conditions
A
Osteoclasts
10
Q
Synthesize bone matrix and coordinate the mineralization of the skeleton
A
Osteoblasts
11
Q
Support, protection and movement
A
Compact Bone
12
Q
Provides balance to the dense and heavy compact bone by making bones lighter so that muscles can move them more easily
A
Spongy bone
13
Q
Would you find compact bone or spongy bone on the interior of the bone?
A
Spongy Bone
14
Q
Covers the bone, has many sensory nerve endings
A
Periosteum
15
Q
Longer than they are wide
A
Long bone
16
Q
Small cubes or marshmallows
A
Short bone
17
Q
Thin and flat
A
Flat bone
18
Q
“Miscellaneous” or do not fit into any of the other categories
A
Irregular bone
19
Q
Shaped like sesame seeds
A
Sesamoid bone
20
Q
Where are long bones found?
A
Arms, legs, bones of the wrist and ankle
21
Q
Where are short bones found?
A
Wrist and ankle
22
Q
Where are flat bones found?
A
Skull, ilium, sternum and rib cage
23
Q
Where are irregular bones found?
A
Vertebrae and some bones in the skull
24
Q
Where are sesamoid bones found?
A
Hind limbs and fore limbs
25
What is the biggest sesamoid bone in the body?
The Patella
26
How many cervical vertebrae does an elephant have?
Seven
27
How many cervical vertebrae does a mouse have?
Seven
28
How many cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral and Caudal vertebrae does a Pig have?
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 14-15
Lumbar: 6-7
Sacral: 4
Caudal: 20-23
29
How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal vertebrae does a horse have?
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 18
Lumbar: 6
Sacral: 5
Caudal: 15-20
30
How many Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral and Caudal Vertebrae does a cow have?
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 13
Lumbar: 6
Sacral: 5
Caudal: 18-20
31
How many Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Caudal Vertebrae does a Goat have?
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 13
Lumbar: 7
Sacral: 4
Caudal: 12
32
How many Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Caudal Vertebrae does a Sheep have?
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 13
Lumbar: 6-7
Sacral: 4
Caudal: 16-18
33
How many Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Caudal vertebrae does a dog/cat have?
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 13
Lumbar: 7
Sacral: 3
Caudal: 20-23
34
Parts of a dogs skull
Incisive
Nasal
Maxilla
Lacrimal
Palatine
Frontal
Zygomatic
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Mandible
35
Parts of a cats skull
Interparietal
Occipital
Temporal
Palatine
Zygomatic
Dentary
Parietal
Sphenoid
Frontal
Lacrimal
Maxilla
Nasal
Premaxilla
36
Parts of a cows skull
Mental foramen
Incisive b
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Nasal b
Lacrimal b
Zygomatic b
Zygomatic arch
Frontal b
Nuchal crest
Parietal b
Temporal b
Occipital b
Atlas
Palatine b
Mandible
37
Parts of a horse skull
Incisive
Maxilla
Nasal
Zygomatic
Lacrimal
Mandible
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
38
What are joints?
The junctions between bones
39
When is the prefix arthro used?
When referring to joints
40
Looking inside a joint with a endoscope
Arthroscopy
41
Fusing a joint to make it immovable
Arthrodesis
42
What is the term articular used for?
To describe the end of the bones where they come together
43
What does the articular surface of bones have?
A thin layer of of hyaline cartilage covering a thin layer of compact bone that covers cancellous bone
44
Strong connective tissues bands that help hold the joints together
Ligaments
45
Fibrous bones
Bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue
46
Cartilaginous
Bones are United by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
47
Synovial
Bone ends are contained in a synovial cavity
48
A thin layer of dense connective tissue bonds the bones together. These may ossify (become bone) as the animal ages. The bones of the skull are this type of joint.
Suture
49
Dense irregular connective tissue usually a ligament. The tibiofibular joint is an example.
Syndesmosis
50
Substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue. Examples include the radius, ulna, tibia, tibia, the splints and cannon one of the horse
Interosseous membrane
51
Initial connection is by a hyaline cartilage but becomes a synostosis (bony joint) when bone growth ceases
Synchondrosis
52
Bone ends are covered by hyaline cartilage but joined by fibrocartilage. All are on the midline.
Symphysis
53
All synovial joints have…
Synovial cavity
Joint capsule
Articular cartilage
54
Synovial joints may have…
Ligaments
Menisci (discs)
Bursa
55
What is Bursa, where is it located and what is its function?
Bursa is a fluid filled sac. They are located where muscles and tendons move over bony joint areas. Their function is to reduce friction caused by muscles and tendons moving against skin and bones, as well as to facilitate movement
56
Synovial joints are diarthrosis, What does Diarthrosis mean?
Freely moveable
57
Decrease the angle between articulating bones
Flexion
58
Increase the angle between articulating bones
Extension
59
Extension beyond normal anatomical position
Hyperextension
60
Movement away from midline
Abduction
61
Movement toward the midline
Adduction
62
Twisting movement of a part on its axis
Rotation
63
Flexion, abduction, extension, adduction, and rotation in succession (or reverse) distal end of body part moves in a circle
Circumduction
64
Cranial movement in the transverse plane (Humans)
Protraction
65
Caudal movement in the transverse plane (humans)
Retraction
66
Movement of forelimb that turns palm cranial (humans)
Supination
67
Movement of forelimb that turns palm Caudal (humans)
Pronation
68
The term used to describe the motion of a joint
Axial
69
___joints only move in a single plane. The elbow joint is an example it will only flex and extend
Uniaxial
70
____Joints allow for motion within two planes, an example would be the metacarpophalangeal joint in some animals such as dogs and cats where they can flex and extend the joint but also spread the toes
Biaxial
71
____joints can move in 3 planes. The hip is an example of a triaxial joint in animals
Triaxial
72
Left or right?
If we’re looking at an animal dead in the side is opposite, their right is their left and their left is their right
73
What are the five functions of bones?
Support
Protection
Leverage
Storage
Blood cell formation
74
How does the bones support? (function)
Spinal processes support the cranium
75
How does the bones protect? (Function)
Ribs protect the lungs and the heart, spinal processes protect the spinal cord
76
How do bones leverage?
Attached to muscles, bones allow for us to walk, jump and run
77
How do bones store (storage)?
We store calcium, various minerals and blood
78
Blood cell formation
Hematopoietic tissue in one marrow produces new blood
79
If an animal or human breaks a large bone can they bleed to death and why?
They do have the potential to bleed to death because of that significant blood cell formation
80
Types of bones (5 types)
Flat bones
Short bones
Irregular bones
Long bones
Other
81
Is the scapula a short bone?
Yes
82
Called the shoulder blade on humans. Called the ___ in dogs, cats, horses and cows
Scapula
83
True or False… a lot of the bones that make up the cranium/the skull itself are also flat bones
True, a lot of the bones that make up the cranium/the skull itself are also flat bones
84
Make up the Carpus and the Tarsus, they are the bones within the carpal joint and within the tarsal joint
Short bones
85
Spinal vertebrae, the patella, the fibula and the navicular bone
Irregular bones
86
Found where a tendon passes over a joint and they prevent the tendon from flattening and sticking to the joint
Sesamoid bones
87
Types of _____ include a Demi and radius bones
Long bones
88
Bone in the “other” category
Os Penis
89
Ends of the bone (long bone) ?
Epiphsis
90
Shank of the bone (long bone) ?
Diaphysis
91
Cartilage that sits along the joint surface (long bones)
Articular cartilage
92
Other structures of a long bone
Spongy bone (also called cancellous bones)
Epiphyseal playe
Red marrow cavities
Compact bone
Endosteum
Medullary cavity
Yellow marrow
Periosteum
93
A growth plate
Epiphyseal Plate
94
Looks like a sponge and is made up of tiny spicules of bone
Spongy bone
95
Found in the little spaces between the spicules, helps reduce the weight of the bone without impeding function
Red marrow cavities
96
A lot heavier and a lot more densely packed
Compact bone
97
Contains the yellow marrow
Medullary cavity
98
Makes up most of the cartilage
Hyaline
99
Found in ears and epiglottis
Elastic
100
Needs to take a lot of pressure, located between the vertebrae of the spine
Fibrocartilage
101
Head, Torso, Spine, Rib cage and skull
Axial
102
Appendages and Limbs
Appendicular
103
What makes up bone?
Nervous tissue
Connective tissue
Cartilage
Blood vessels
Protein and minerals
104
Bones...
Allow us to be physical
Support and protection
Provide mineral storage
Provide fat storage
Hormone production
Blood cell formation
105
Hollow bones in birds that are connected to their respiratory system. They contain air sacs and this helps birds in flight
Pneumatized bones
106
A fusion of certain vertebrae in the pelvic region (birds)
Synsacrum
