Tissues And Cells Flashcards by Amber Levesque

What is the definition of tissues?

Groups of cells of the same type and function working together

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What are the 4 types of tissues?

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve

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Definition of Epithelial tissue

Covers tissue for all of the ducts and body cavities in the body including mouth, blood vessels, thorax and bladder

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What are the 6 main functions of Epithelial tissues?

Protects, covers and lines
Filters biochemical substances
Absorbs nutrients
Provides sensory output
Manufacturers secretion
Manufactures excretion

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What are the characteristics of Epithelia?

Each Epithelia cell has an apical surface and a basal surface

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Definition of Apical surface?

Faces the lumen or outside of the organ

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Definition of Basal Surface

Faces the basal lamina and blood vessels

Remember: Basal Surface=Basement, attaches the cell to the interior mechanisms of the body

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How are lateral surfaces connected to neighboring cells

Junctional complexes

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Epithelial Cells are…

Avascular

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Most Epithelial cells are…

Innervated

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Matrix filled channels provide cells with

Nutrients

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The plasma membranes are connected via ____ to create a strong network of communication

Junctions

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Three major types of cellular junctions

Tight Junctions
Desmosomes
Gap Junctions

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What are tight junctions formed by

The fusion of the outermost layers of the plasma membranes of adjoining cells

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What tissues are tight junctions found in

Found in tissues in which there can be no leaks, such as, urinary bladder and digestive tract

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How are Desmosomes formed

Mechanical coupling formed by filaments that interlock with one another

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Tonafilaments exted from the ____ into the ____ (Desmosomes)

Plaque and Cytoplasm

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What type of tissues are Desmosomes found in

Tissues that undergo repeated episodes of tension and stretching (skin, heart, uterus)

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Meshwork of fibers that cements the epithelial cells to the underlying connective tissues

Basement Membrane

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Also called Basal Lamina

Basement Membrane

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Basement Membrane helps prevent the ____ from being torn off by intraluminal pressures (pressures against the cell)

Cell

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Basement Membrane acts as a partial barrier between the ____ cells and the underlying ____ tissue

Epithelial and Connective

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Surface Specializations (4 types)

Smooth
Microvilli (Smooth border)
Cilia
Keratin

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Found in the gut. They increase surface area and allow for greater surface for absorption of nutrients and secretions

Microvilli

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Found in the respiratory tract and the oviduct to help move objects along because ____ are an aspect of locomotion.

Cilia

Tissue that increase the surface area and the Microvilli are these tiny little finger like projections from the Epithelial cells that increase surface area for the cell itself (like a brush border)

Villi

The Epithelial cells of the outermost layer of the skin get impregnated with _____ in order to become waterproof and create a barrier.

Keratin

What characteristics are Epithelial tissues classified based on

Number of layers of cells Shape of the cells Prescience if surface specializations

Names for the amount of layers epithelial tissues (cells) can have

Simple (one layer) Stratified (more than one layer)

Names for the shapes of the cells

Squamous-Flat Cubodial-Cube shaped Columnar-Tall

Large, flat, cornflake shaped epithelium cells that are found in areas of gas exchange (alveoli), pericardial, peritoneal and pleural cavity lining

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Single layer, round or cuboidal, has a large central nucleus and is commonly found in salivary glands, thyroid glands and the pancreas along with anywhere that secretion is occurring all of the time

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Tall and slender and has a oval nucleus. Ciliated found in the bronchi of the respiratory tract and oviduct, also found in areas of absorption and secretion

Simple columnar epithelium

Which epithelium is in the GI Tract as Microvilli or goblet cells and in mucus as fluid that comes out of the nose when congested

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Mucus producing cells that are often seen next to the collated columnar epithelium cells in the respiratory tract because along with deferring foreign materials out of the respiratory tract we also produce mucus continuously

Goblet Cells

Serious virus that puppies and older dogs can get (offers other animals but primarily dogs) the virus attacks the Epithelial lining in the GI tract. Causes sudden attack of the GI Epithelium which causes the cells to not work properly, not secrete, absorb nutrients which causes their epithelial tissue to lose its attachment

Parvovirus (Dogs) Panleukopenia (Cats)

Cell nuclei are found at different levels across the length of the tissue, some cells don’t reach the liminal surface, found in respiratory tract and in portions of the male reproductive tract

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

They are pretend stratified meaning they’re not technically in two layers, they’re in one layer but look like they’re in two layers because the lengths of the cells differ

Pseudostratified

Multi layer tissue lining the mouth, esophagus, and vagina Tends to form a thick membrane Protects the underlying tissue

Stratified squamous epithelium

___is most often the layer that’s closest to the lumen, lumen is the tallest, most tube like layer Found only in select parts of the respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems and along some excretory ducts (sweat, salivary, and mammary glands) function in secretion, absorption and protection

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Usually two layers of __cells Primarily found along large excretory ducts Protects underlying tissues Secretion and protection

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Looked at in urine samples Found in areas of the body required to expand and contract as part of their normal functions Leak proof connections

Transitional Epithelium

Specialized protein molecules that are produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, packaged into granules by the Golgi Apparatus, and discharged from the cell

Secretions

Releases it’s secretions directly into the bloodstream

Endocrine

Examples of endocrine gland

Adrenal gland Thyroid gland Pituitary gland

Discharges secretions via ducts directly into local areas or systems

Exocrine

Examples of exocrine gland

Liver Pancreas Sweat Salivary glands

What animal does hyperthyroidism affect

Cats

What animal does Hypothyroidism affect

Dogs

Either a lack of feedback loop happening in the ___gland or the gland is malfunctioning and is producing too much of the hormone. Causes animal to lose weight and muscle, really high heart rate and owners describe them as hyperactive. It is treatable.

Hyperthyroidism

Their ___is not producing enough hormone which causes their metabolism to suffer and become slow which causes decreased immune function, changes in skin, start to lose hair, weight gain, no energy, lethargic and overtime their face can take on a specific shape

Hypothyroidism

Affects both cats and dogs and is when the pancreas is not responding to the high blood glucose by producing insulin

Diabetes Mellitus

Affects mostly dogs and affects the adrenal gland, it stops producing cortisol which causes the body to not respond well to stress and the body gives up which looks like losing blood pressure, lethargic and electrolyte imbalance when left untreated

Addisons Disease

Common in young German Shepherd’s. Hello bile colored diarrhea, smells terrible and causes them to get really skinny, caused by the pancreas not producing the needed enzymes to break down food product so the food gets shifted through the intestines without being fully broken down, digested and absorbed

Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency

Inflammation of the ___ and is most common in Shnauzers. Caused by change in the animals diet from increasing the level of fat in the diet. Symptoms include diarrhea and vomiting because their ___ stops secreting the enzymes that are needed for digestion

Pancreatitis

Involved in Exocrine and endocrine function

Pancreas

Most abundant tissue in the body

Connective tissue

Functions of connective tissue…

-Forms metabolic and structural connections between other tissues -Forms a protective sheath around organs and helps insulate the body -acts as a reserve for energy

Provides the frame that supports the body

Connective tissue

Background outside the cells, includes ___fibers and ground substances

Extracellular Matrix

The medium through which cells exchange nutrients & waste with the bloodstream, it acts as a shock absorbing cushion & it helped to protect the more delicate cells that it envelopes

Ground Substance

The 3 Types of Extracellular fibers

Collagenous Fibers Reticular Fibers Elastic Fibers

-Strong, thick strands of collagen -Organized into bundles of long, parallel fibrils composed of bundled microfibers -Found in tendons and ligaments

Collagenous Fibers

-Thin, delicate branches networks of collagen -Provide support for highly cellular organs -Also found around blood vessels, nerves, muscle fibers and capillaries

Reticular Fibers

-Branched networks composed primarily of the protein elastin -Composed of Coiled bundles of microfibrils -Occur in tissues commonly subjected to stretching

Elastic Fibers

Involved in production and maintenance of the matrix (Fibroblasts, Chondroblasts, Osteoblasts, adipocytes and Reticular cells)

Fixed Cells

Involved in the repair and protection of tissues (Leukocytes, Mast cells and macrophages)

Transient cells

The baseline connective tissue cell

Fibroblasts

When the cells get designated to a specific area of connective tissue (such as cartilage)

Chondroblasts

Associated with bone

Osteoblasts

Associated with fats

Adipocytes

Connective tissue with some possible immune response

Reticular Cels

As they become adult cells we drop the suffix ‘blasts’ and become ‘Cytes’

Fibrocytes Chondrocytes Osteocytes Adipocytes

White blood cells that wander from blood into tissue during times of infection or clean up. They either physically eat foreign invaders so they can phagocytize or they produce an immune response to foreign invaders

Leukocytes

They circulate close to blood vessels and when they identify a foreign invader they burst open and release histamine into the bloodstream, this is the initiation of a systemic allergic reaction and inflammation

Mast Cells

Specialized cells that engage in phagocytosis, they can either be fixed or transient in connective tissue, if they are fixed than they are typically named for their locations such as Kupffer cells which are ___ only found in the liver

Macrophages