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VT Anatomy and Physiology > The skeletal system > Flashcards

The skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A

Support
Protection - of delicate structures such as the brain
Leverage - with the help of muscles thay allow movement
Storage - of calcium
Production - of red and white blood cells

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A

Compact and cancellous

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3
Q

Describe the features of compact bone

A

Compact bone - the bone that makes up the outside of all bones. It is heavy, dense and strong consisting of layers of compacted cylinders of bone

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4
Q

Describe the features of cancellous bone

A

It is the bone that makes up the center of bones. It is light and spongy consisting of seeming random spicules of bone.

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5
Q

What is a Haversian system?

A

A subunit of compact bone consisting of concentric layers of ossified matrix around a central canal containing blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves

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6
Q

What is an osteoblast?

A

Osteoblasts are the cells that form bone. They secrete the matrix of bone and then supply the minerals necessary to harden it.

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7
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

Osteocytes is the names for osteoblasts once they have been surrounded by ossified matrix. They can revert to osteoblasts if necessary.

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8
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

Osteoclasts are cells that can remove bone when bone is remodeling. They also allow the body to remove calcium from bones if needed in response to hormonal messages.

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9
Q

What is the name of the process that allows long bones to grow and lengthen?

A

Endochondral bone formation (ossification)

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10
Q

When bones grow what substance acts as a template for the bone?

A

Cartilage

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11
Q

What are the 4 bone shapes?

A

Long, short, flat and irregular

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12
Q

What are the two types of bone marrow?

A

Red and yellow

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13
Q

When bones contact each other in joints what covers them?

A

Cartilage

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14
Q

What would a veterinary technician use knowledge of bone features for in their daily work

A

As landmarks for skills such as restraint, radiology and injections.

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15
Q

What is a foramen?

A

It is a hole in a bone through which something important passes.

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16
Q

What is a fossa

A

Depressed or sunken area on surface of bone

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17
Q

What do you call the projections on bones where tendons attach?

A

Bone processes

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18
Q

What do you call a hole in the bone through which a nerve or a blood vessel passes.

A

A foramen

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19
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, hyoid bone, spinal column, ribs and sternum

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20
Q

List the 5 regions of the vertebral column

A

The cervical spine, the thoracic spine, the lumbar spine, the sacral spine and the coccygeal spine

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21
Q

What group of vertebrae make up the spine associated with the neck?

A

Cervical

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22
Q

What group of vertebrae make up the spine associated with the thorax?

23
Q

What group of vertebrae make up the spine associated with the abdomen?

24
Q

What group of vertebrae make up the spine associated with the pelvis?

25
What group of vertebrae make up the spine associated with the tail?
Coccygeal
26
What are the three kinds of processes on a vertebra?
Spinal, transverse and articular.
27
What do the spinous and transverse processes of vertebrae do?
These act as sites for muscle attachment and provide leverage to move the spine and trunk.
28
What do the articular processes of vertebrae do?
They form the joints between adjacent vertebrae.
29
Where structure in a vertebra is occupied by the spinal cord?
The vertebral foramen.
30
What is the manubrium and what is the xiphoid?
Manubrium - the cranial end of the sternum Xiphoid - the caudal end of the sternum
31
What are the bones of the thoracic limb?
scapula humerus ulna radius carpal bones metacarpal bones phalanges
32
What is the anatomical name for the shoulder blade?
The scapula
33
What bone makes up the brachium and what bones make up the antebrachium?
Brachium - the humerus Antebrachium - the radius and ulna
34
What is the location of the carpus?
It is located between the radius and ulna and the metacarpal bones.
35
Describe the main differences between the metcarpals in dogs/cats, horses and cattle.
Dogs and cats have 4-5 metacarpal bones. Horses have 3 metacarpal bones with only the middle one bearing weight. Cattle have one metacarpal bone which is made up of fused metacarpals III and IV.
36
What number metacarpal is the dewclaw in a dog or cat?
One (I)
37
What are the anatomical names of the splint bones and the cannon bone in the horse?
Splint bones - metacarpal II and IV Cannon bone - metacarpal III
38
In a cat and a dog what is a digit?
It is a toe which consists of 3 phalangeal bones
39
In a cat and a dog what is a phalanx or phalangeal bone?
It is one of the three bones in each digit
40
What are the scientific terms for the long pastern bone short pastern bone coffin bone
pastern bone - proximal phalanx short pastern bone - middle phalanx coffin bone- distal phalanx
41
What are the bones of the pelvic limb?
Femur Tibia Fibula Tarsal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges
42
What are the 3 bones of the pelvis
Ilium, Ischium and Pubis
43
What is the purpose of sesamoid bones?
Bones located where tendons change direction
44
What is the largest sesamoid bone in the animal body?
The patella
45
Which bone is bigger, the tibia or the fibula?
The tibia
46
What number digit is the outer toe on a dog or a cat?
5 / V
47
What is the only visceral bone in the dog?
The os penis
48
What is the prefix that is used in words pertaining to joints?
Arthro
49
Which of the 3 types of joints is the least moveable? Which is the most moveable?
Least - fibrous joint Most - synovial joint
50
What are the main joints of the thoracic limb?
Shoulder, elbow, carpus
51
What are the main joints of the Pelvic limb?
Hip (coxofemoral), stifle(knee), tarsus
52
What kind of synovial joint is the carpus and what type of movement is it capable of?
It is a gliding or arthrodial joint and is capable of flexion and extension.
53
What kind of synovial joint is the hip joint and what types of movement is it capable of?
It is a ball and socket (spheroidal) joint and is capable of flexion​, extension​, adduction, abduction​, rotation​ & circumduction​

VT Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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