the specific immune response- cells

Question 1

what are the different types of T lymphocytes

Answer 1

-T helper
-T killer
-T memory
-T regulator

Question 2

primary function of T helper cells

Answer 2

-bind to surface antigen on APC’s

Question 3

chemicals that T helper cells make

Answer 3

Cytokine molecule - interleukins

Question 4

other roles of the T helper cell

Answer 4

-stimulate B lymphocytes and T killer cells
-attract and stimulate phagocytosis

Question 5

primary function of T killer cell

Answer 5

-identify abnormal/virally infected cells
-attack and kill pathogens carrying the antigen

Question 6

chemicals that T killer cell makes

Answer 6

-attach to cell and release perforin
-makes holes in the membrane of the pathogen

Question 7

primary function of a T memory cell

Answer 7

-long lives
-can rapidly differentiate into T killer if pathogen returns

Question 8

other roles of a T memory cell

Answer 8

on second exposure can divide into T killer cells- -immunological memory

Question 9

Primary function of T regulator cell

Answer 9

-down regulate immune system once pathogen is destroyed
-reduce chance of auto immune disease

Question 10

chemicals that T regulator cells make

Answer 10

Interleukins

Question 11

other roles of the T regulator cells

Answer 11

-suppress immune system and control regulation
-stop immune response when pathogen destroyed
-recognises self

Question 12

what does cell mediated mean

Answer 12

anything involving T lymphocytes or antigen presenting cells

Question 13

what does humeral mean

Answer 13

anything involving B lymphocytes, responses to antigens on surface of pathogen itself

Question 14

what cells are cell-mediated

Answer 14

T lymphocytes- antigen presenting cells

Question 15

what cells are humeral

Answer 15

B lymphocytes - responds to antigens on surface of pathogen itself

Question 16

role of plasma cell and life span

Answer 16

produce antibody- live a few days

Question 17

role of B effecter cell and life span

Answer 17

divide to form plasma cell clones

Question 18

role of B memory cell

Answer 18

provide immunological memory, long lived

Question 19

how do B lymphocytes work

Answer 19

-have specific antibodies on their cell surface membrane, each B cell has different antibody
-pathogens will carry unique antigens/produce toxins that has antigens
-B cell will bind to antigen and process it to become an APC

Question 20

what are the steps of specific immune response

Answer 20

(1) infection and reproduction of pathogen
(2) presentation of antigens
(3) clonal selection
(4) proliferation
(5) differentiation
(6) action

Question 21

what happens during infection and reproduction of pathogen

Answer 21

-pathogen infects the body
-unique antigen on cell surface membrane

Question 22

what ways are antigens presented

Answer 22

antigen is presented in three ways:
(1) macrophage (become APC)
(2) body cell infected by pathogen
(3)surface of pathogen itself

Question 23

when a macrophage becomes an APC what does it secrete

Answer 23

-interleukin and monokines

Question 24

what as a monokine and what does it do

Answer 24

-cytokine produced by macrophages
-attract neutrophils using chemotaxis
-may stimulate B cell differentiation and anti-body production

Question 25

what does an interferon do

Answer 25

-produced by many immune cells -inhibits viral replication -stimulates T killer cells

Question 26

what happens when a T cell detects antigen on macrophage

Answer 26

becomes activated and divides by mitosis to make more clones

Question 27

what happens during proliferation (T cells)

Answer 27

-the Tk and Th cells divide by mitosis to produce cloned cells that are complementary to the antigens on the pathogen -Th cells produce more interleukins

Question 28

what do the the interleukins produced by Tn cells do

Answer 28

-activate the B cells in order for them to differentiate -B cells produce clones of plasma cells and B memory cells

Question 29

what can clones T cells become during proliferation

Answer 29

-T memory cells for immunological memory for future invasions -T helper cells to produce interleukins to stimulate B cell division -T killer cells can develop to directly destroy infected cells

Question 30

where do T cells orgionate

Answer 30

in the bone marrow mature in the thymus

Question 31

What can B cell bind with

Answer 31

only pathogens in the blood/body cells infected

Question 32

what happens in clonal selection of B cells

Answer 32

-B cell binds with complementary receptors on their cell membrane to pathogenic antigens -B cell engulfs/processes the antigens to become an APC

Question 33

what activates B cells in order for them to diffrentiate

Answer 33

Interleukins produced by the T helper cells and interleukins and monokines produced by macrophages

Question 34

what can B cells differentiate to produce

Answer 34

-clones of plasma cells and B memory cells

Question 35

what may cloned B cells become during diffrentiation

Answer 35

-become plasma cells to produce antibodies to bind to antigen surface of pathogen acting as an opsonin -become B memory cells to recognise and rapidly produce antibodies if a second infection occurs

Question 36

what happens in stage two and four

Answer 36

APC and T helper cells produce interleukins to stimulate cell differentiation and division of both T and B cells