The Structure Of ATP And DNA

Question 1

What are the polymers known as nucleic acids?

Answer 1

Polynucleotides

Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA.

Question 2

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Answer 2

Mononucleotides

Mononucleotides are the building blocks of polynucleotides.

Question 3

What type of bonds link nucleotides in nucleic acids?

Answer 3

Phosphodiester bonds

These bonds form through condensation reactions.

Question 4

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

Answer 4

• Phosphate
• Nitrogenous base
• Pentose sugar

These components are essential for the structure of nucleotides.

Question 5

How do phosphodiester bonds form?

Answer 5

Two hydroxyl groups bond with a phosphate group and condensation reaction

This process is crucial for linking nucleotides together.

Question 6

What are the two groups of organic nitrogenous bases?

Answer 6

• Pyrimidines
• Purines

Pyrimidines include thymine, cytosine, and uracil; purines include adenine and guanine.

Question 7

Which nitrogenous bases are classified as pyrimidines?

Answer 7

• Thymine
• Cytosine
• Uracil

Pyrimidines are characterized by their single-ring structure.

Question 8

Which nitrogenous bases are classified as purines?

Answer 8

• Adenine
• Guanine

Purines have a double-ring structure.

Question 9

Fill in the blank: Pyrimidines are ______.

Answer 9

smaller

This refers to their molecular structure compared to purines.

Question 10

What mnemonic can help remember the pyrimidines?

Answer 10

CUT

This stands for Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine.

Question 11

What is the chemical equation for the conversion of ATP to ADP?

Answer 11

ATP + H2O <-> ADP + Pi

Question 12

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 12

adenosine triphosphate

Question 13

What is the role of ATP in living cells?

Answer 13

ATP is the energy carrier molecule

Question 14

Where is ATP primarily synthesized in the cell?

Answer 14

in mitochondria

Question 15

What is the process called when ATP is formed?

Answer 15

condensation

Question 16

What is the process called when ATP is broken down to release energy?

Answer 16

hydrolysis

Question 17

What is the energy released during ATP hydrolysis?

Answer 17

approximately 30.6 KJ

Question 18

What type of reaction is ATP hydrolysis?

Answer 18

exergonic reaction

Question 19

What type of reaction requires an energy input, such as ATP synthesis?

Answer 19

endogonic reactions

Question 20

What is the addition of a phosphate group to ADP called?

Answer 20

ADP phosphorylation

Question 21

Why must energy be released gradually from glucose?

Answer 21

to store it rather than waste it as heat energy

Question 22

List advantages of using ATP as an energy supply compared to glucose.

Answer 22

• Hydrolysis of ATP is a one-step reaction that releases energy immediately
• Breakdown of glucose involves many steps and intermediates
• Only one enzyme is needed to release energy from ATP
• ATP releases energy in small amounts

Question 23

What are some uses of energy in the body?

Answer 23

• Metabolic processes
• Active transport
• Muscle movement
• Nerve transmission
• Secretion such as exocytosis

Question 24

What two components make up adenosine?

Answer 24

adenine and ribose

Question 25

What is the term for a reaction that can proceed in both directions?

Answer 25

reversible reaction

Question 26

Which enzyme catalyzes the condensation reactions to form ATP?

Answer 26

ATP synthetase

Question 27

How can polymers be described?

Answer 27

* by naming the monomers * by the bonds holding monomers together * by describing the gross structure * by the bonds holding gross structure together

Question 28

Which DNA strand would be stronger, one with many cytosines or one with many thymines?

Answer 28

One with many cytosines ## Footnote Cytosines and guanine form 3 hydrogen bonds, while thymine and adenine only form 2 hydrogen bonds.

Question 29

What is the primary function of DNA?

Answer 29

Hereditary material responsible for passing genetic information from cell to cell and generation to generation.

Question 30

What does DNA contain the code for?

Answer 30

Protein structure.

Question 31

How does the backbone of DNA contribute to its function?

Answer 31

Protects more reactive bases inside.

Question 32

Why is it easy for DNA to separate hydrogen bonds during replication?

Answer 32

Because of the structure of the hydrogen bonds.

Question 33

What advantage does the large size of DNA provide?

Answer 33

Carries lots of genetic information.

Question 34

How does base-pairing in DNA protect against information corruption?

Answer 34

It allows replication of strands and formation of mRNA.

Question 35

What characteristic of DNA makes it a very stable molecule?

Answer 35

Its structure and base-pairing mechanism.

Question 36

Fill in the blank: DNA is suited to its functions because the backbone protects more reactive bases inside and is ______.

Answer 36

easy to separate H bonds during replication.

Question 37

True or False: DNA passes information largely unchanged from one generation to the next.

Answer 37

True.