The Systems Flashcards

(48 cards)

0
Q

What does haemoglobin combine with oxygen to form?

A

Oxyhemoglobin which quickly releases the oxygen which diffuses into cells

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1
Q

What do red blood cells transport?

A

oxygen

Carbon dioxide

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2
Q

What to capillaries have that help with gas exchange?

A

A large surface area
Thin walls
Close contact with living cells in tissues/organs

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3
Q

Which is the thicker ventricle?

A

The right’s walls are thicker than the left’s

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4
Q

Where does the heart obtain its blood supply from?

A

The coronary artery

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5
Q

What does blood leave the heart via?

A

Artery

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6
Q

What does blood flow through back to the heart?

A

Veins

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7
Q

What are the differences between arteries and veins?

A

Arteries: small central channel, thick walls, high pressure, no valves
Veins: large central channel, thin walls, low blood pressure, valves to prevent back flow

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8
Q

What is the route blood takes through the heart?

A
It enters through the vena cava 
Right atrium 
right ventricle
left ventricle
Left atria 
Aorta
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9
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

Allows the body to respond appropriately go external changes this maintaining stable body conditions

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10
Q

What are nerves?

A

Specialised cells that carry messages in the form of electrical impulses to and from the CNS

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11
Q

What’s the junction from one Neuton and the next called?

A

Synapse (chemical signals occur across them

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12
Q

What does the central nervous system do?

A

Sort out information received from the senses and sends messages to muscles or glands so an appropriate response can be made

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13
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

A rapid, automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus

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14
Q

Explain the path along the reflex arc?

A
Stimulus
Sensory nerve
Relay nerve
Motor neurone nerve 
Response
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15
Q

What happens during breathing?

A

Oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released

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16
Q

Why are alveoli efficient for gas exchange?

A

Large surface area
Good blood supply
Thin walls

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17
Q

What type of transport occurs between the alveoli to the surrounding blood vessels?

A

Osmosis

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18
Q

What does the cilia do? (Mucus)

A

The rhythmic beating of the cilia sweeps MUCUS containing trapped dirt and micro organisms up and out or the lungs

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19
Q

What do the rings of cartilage do?

A

Help the trachea to stay open and to be able to bend

20
Q

What is the path of air from the trachea into the lungs? (In order)

A

Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchials
Air sacs/ alveoli

21
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of?

A

Glands that release hormones

22
Q

What does the endocrine system allow the body to do?

A

Respond appropriately to external/internal changes thus maintaining stable body conditions

23
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that transport in the blood stream

24
What do hormones affect?
Only certain targeted cells/tissues
25
What do target cells have?
Hormone receptors on their surface and these receptors are specific
26
What is regulated by hormones?
The concentration of glucose
27
What increases blood glucose?
Insulin
28
What decreases glucose?
Glucagon
29
Where are insulin and glucagon found?
Pancreas
30
``` What hormone is produced for: Thyroid Ovary Islets of lagerhands (pancreas) Adrenal Ovary (corpus lutem) Pituitary ```
``` Thyroxin Oestrogen Insulting Adrenaline Progesterone Growth hormone Anti-divertic hormone (ADH) ```
31
Which muscular activity moves food down the oesophagus?
Peristalsis
32
What does small intestine do?
Absorbs products of digestion. It's large surface area is covered in villi which helps.
33
What is villi?
It contains dense network of capillaries into which glucose & amino acids pass.
34
What do lacteals do?
Collect product of fat digestion & passes them into lymphatic systems.
35
What are some Unhealthy lifestyle choices (5) and why can they lead to? (3)
``` High fat diet Lack of exercise High salt diet Tobacco Alcohol ``` Can lead to heart disease, stroke, diabetes.
36
What is digestion?
Absorption into bloodstream through small intestine wall of large, insoluble food substances made smaller.
37
In a mammal-where are sites of main digestive juice production?
``` Salivary glands Stomach Pancreas Liver Small intestine ```
38
What do enzymes do?
Breakdown carbs, proteins & fat.
39
What is passive transport?
The movement of a substance which with the concentration gradient & requires no energy. Eg diffusion & osmosis
40
What is active transport?
The movement of a substance against the concentration gradient which requires energy. Membrane proteins are needed.
41
What are Cell membranes?
Is a fluid structure composed of (phospho) lipids & proteins. Is selectively permeable.
42
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water across a membrane.
43
What is diffusion?
Movement of a substance from high to low concentration.
44
What is central nervous system made of?
Spine & brain.
45
What does the Cerebellum control?
Balance | Muscular co-ordination
46
What does the Cerebrum control?
Menal process - memory, reasoning, imagination, conscious thought & intelligence.
47
What does the medula control?
Heart rate | Breathing