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Biology > The Systems > Flashcards

The Systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What does haemoglobin combine with oxygen to form?

A

Oxyhemoglobin which quickly releases the oxygen which diffuses into cells

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1
Q

What do red blood cells transport?

A

oxygen

Carbon dioxide

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2
Q

What to capillaries have that help with gas exchange?

A

A large surface area
Thin walls
Close contact with living cells in tissues/organs

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3
Q

Which is the thicker ventricle?

A

The right’s walls are thicker than the left’s

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4
Q

Where does the heart obtain its blood supply from?

A

The coronary artery

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5
Q

What does blood leave the heart via?

A

Artery

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6
Q

What does blood flow through back to the heart?

A

Veins

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7
Q

What are the differences between arteries and veins?

A

Arteries: small central channel, thick walls, high pressure, no valves
Veins: large central channel, thin walls, low blood pressure, valves to prevent back flow

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8
Q

What is the route blood takes through the heart?

A 
It enters through the vena cava 
Right atrium 
right ventricle
left ventricle
Left atria 
Aorta
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9
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

Allows the body to respond appropriately go external changes this maintaining stable body conditions

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10
Q

What are nerves?

A

Specialised cells that carry messages in the form of electrical impulses to and from the CNS

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11
Q

What’s the junction from one Neuton and the next called?

A

Synapse (chemical signals occur across them

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12
Q

What does the central nervous system do?

A

Sort out information received from the senses and sends messages to muscles or glands so an appropriate response can be made

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13
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

A rapid, automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus

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14
Q

Explain the path along the reflex arc?

A 
Stimulus
Sensory nerve
Relay nerve
Motor neurone nerve 
Response
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15
Q

What happens during breathing?

A

Oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released

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16
Q

Why are alveoli efficient for gas exchange?

A

Large surface area
Good blood supply
Thin walls

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17
Q

What type of transport occurs between the alveoli to the surrounding blood vessels?

A

Osmosis

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18
Q

What does the cilia do? (Mucus)

A

The rhythmic beating of the cilia sweeps MUCUS containing trapped dirt and micro organisms up and out or the lungs

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19
Q

What do the rings of cartilage do?

A

Help the trachea to stay open and to be able to bend

20
Q

What is the path of air from the trachea into the lungs? (In order)

A

Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchials
Air sacs/ alveoli

21
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of?

A

Glands that release hormones

22
Q

What does the endocrine system allow the body to do?

A

Respond appropriately to external/internal changes thus maintaining stable body conditions

23
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that transport in the blood stream

24
Q

What do hormones affect?

A

Only certain targeted cells/tissues

25
Q

What do target cells have?

A

Hormone receptors on their surface and these receptors are specific

26
Q

What is regulated by hormones?

A

The concentration of glucose

27
Q

What increases blood glucose?

A

Insulin

28
Q

What decreases glucose?

A

Glucagon

29
Q

Where are insulin and glucagon found?

A

Pancreas

30
Q 
What hormone is produced for:
Thyroid 
Ovary
Islets of lagerhands (pancreas) 
Adrenal
Ovary (corpus lutem) 
Pituitary
A 
Thyroxin
Oestrogen
Insulting
Adrenaline
Progesterone 
Growth hormone
Anti-divertic hormone (ADH)
31
Q

Which muscular activity moves food down the oesophagus?

A

Peristalsis

32
Q

What does small intestine do?

A

Absorbs products of digestion. It’s large surface area is covered in villi which helps.

33
Q

What is villi?

A

It contains dense network of capillaries into which glucose & amino acids pass.

34
Q

What do lacteals do?

A

Collect product of fat digestion & passes them into lymphatic systems.

35
Q

What are some Unhealthy lifestyle choices (5) and why can they lead to? (3)

A 
High fat diet
Lack of exercise
High salt diet
Tobacco
Alcohol

Can lead to heart disease, stroke, diabetes.

36
Q

What is digestion?

A

Absorption into bloodstream through small intestine wall of large, insoluble food substances made smaller.

37
Q

In a mammal-where are sites of main digestive juice production?

A 
Salivary glands 
Stomach
Pancreas
Liver
Small intestine
38
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Breakdown carbs, proteins & fat.

39
Q

What is passive transport?

A

The movement of a substance which with the concentration gradient & requires no energy.

Eg diffusion & osmosis

40
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of a substance against the concentration gradient which requires energy.

Membrane proteins are needed.

41
Q

What are Cell membranes?

A

Is a fluid structure composed of (phospho) lipids & proteins.

Is selectively permeable.

42
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water across a membrane.

43
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of a substance from high to low concentration.

44
Q

What is central nervous system made of?

A

Spine & brain.

45
Q

What does the Cerebellum control?

A

Balance

Muscular co-ordination

46
Q

What does the Cerebrum control?

A

Menal process - memory, reasoning, imagination, conscious thought & intelligence.

47
Q

What does the medula control?

A

Heart rate

Breathing

Biology (8 decks)

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