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Biology > The transport system Topic 6 1st year > Flashcards

The transport system Topic 6 1st year Flashcards

1
Q

True or false + Why

Simple organisms like bacteria need a complex transport system for the distribution of materials

A

False.

They do not need a complex transport system for the distribution of materials

Because they have a large surface area to volume ratio and the cytoplasm is close enough with the outside environment. Therefore, the rapid diffusion of oxygen, can directly take place,and can absorb it directly to all the parts of the cytoplasm.

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2
Q

What do large and more complex organisms need to ensure that oxygen and nutrients are transported in different parts of the body and why?

A

They need an efficient transport system. This is because there are going to be certain cells which are going to be deep embedded deep within the organism and they are not going to receive oxygen and nutrients. Therefore more oxygen is needed, more wastes are produced and more nutrients are needed, If there isnt the presence of the circulatory system there is not going to be a large surface area, therefore diffusion is not going to be efficient,

DISTANCE AND QUANTITY OF MATERIALS INCREASES

Diffusion is not efficient in a large organism for the distribution of materials

Therefore a circulatory system has evolved

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3
Q

Which other organ system does the circulatory system work with?

A

Respiratory system

Blood carries oxygen from the lungs and nutrients to the tissues. And carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

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4
Q

True or false

Organisms with a large surface area to volume ratio do not need a transport system. (because they are in close contact with their surroundings)

Organisms with a small surface area to volume ratio need a transport system

A

True

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5
Q

Name the 3 main bodily fluids

A

Blood
Tissue fluid
Lymph

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6
Q

Name the 2 parts of the blood

A

The cellular part and the liquid part (plasma)

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7
Q

Name the 3 main cells in the cellular blood

A

erythrocytes
leucocytes
thrombocytes

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8
Q

What is plasma?

A

The pale yellow liquid part of the blood,which contains 90% water and 10% dissolved substances

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9
Q

Mention some dissolved substances which are found within the plasma

A

Hormones
mineral salts
excretory products
proteins
digested food

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10
Q

Mention 2 functions of blood plasma

A

1) Transports all materials in the blood
2) Plasma forms tissue fluid and lymph

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11
Q

Mention the 3 types of plasma proteins and their functions

A

Albumin: makes blood sticky
Fibrinogen: imp for blood clotting
Globulin: makes antibodies

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12
Q

Where are red blood cells made in the body.

A

Between the soft tissue in the bone.

Red bone bone marrow,whic is found in the skull,vertebra,ribs and sternum

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13
Q

What is the lifespan of red blood cells?

A

4 months

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14
Q

Why is the lifespan of red blood cells so short?

A

Because they are pumped at a very high speed from the heart and they die because of frication. They also die because sometimes they try to escape from capillaries which are even thinner than red blood cells so they get squeezed. Because the nucleus will disintegrate early in life

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15
Q

What will happen to the haemoglobin part of dead red blood cells?

A

The liver will restore the iron part of the haemoglobin whilst the remaining proteins found in the haemoglobin will be used to manufacture bile which is need for emulsification. (breakdown of fat)

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16
Q

Describe the structure of red blood cells

A

They have a biconcave shape and they are rather compressed from both sides
No nucleus and no mitochondria

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17
Q

Mention 4 adaptions of red blood cells

A

Large surface area to volume ratio for more oxygen absorption

Thin and small so many can fit into 1 capillary

Have an elastic memebrnae so they can pass from one capillary to another

no Nucleus and no miitochondria to allow more space for haemoglobin

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18
Q

Mention the main functions of red blood cells

A

To carry oxygen to all the parts of the body (this is carried as oxyhaemoglobin)and remove carbon dioxide. (carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ions)

Red blood cells contain an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase which changes carbon dioxide into carbonic acid (carbon dioxide is carried as bicarbonate ions)

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19
Q

Draw a diagram of a red blood cell

A
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20
Q

What is anaemia?

A

A disease which is caused by a lack of iron.

This disease can be caused due : either the haemoglobin is ineffective or not enough red blood cells present

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21
Q

How can you treat anaemia?

A

Iron supplements or eating foods rich in iron (tomatoes ,vegtables,meat)

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22
Q

What are some symptoms of anaemia?

A

Pale
tired
weak

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23
Q

What is the main function of white blood cells?

A

They form part of the immune system and they fight diseases and microbes

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24
Q

Comment on the structure of white blood cells

A

Much larger than red blood cells
Contain a nucleus

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25
Q

Where do white blood cells mature?

A

In the red bone marrow

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26
Q

Comment on the lifespan of white blood cells

A

It depends on how many microbes are present. However white blood cells tend to increase all the time especially after a meal and when sick

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27
Q

Comment on the maturation process of white blood cells.

A

There are at least 5 types of white blood cells and usually they undergo differentiation in different parts of the body for example: the thymus gland ,spleen or lymph nodes.

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28
Q

What is the main difference between the 5 types of white blood cells?

A

How they fight disease,for example you can a have a specific white blood cell which produces antibodies to fight microbes,or other white blood cells engulf bacteria by eating them

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29
Q

What is the function of thrombocytes?

A

Platelets are the smallest cells in the blood.Their function is to clot blood at wounds,which is important to stop bleeding and prevent the further entry of bacteria.

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30
Q

When is blood clotting initiated?

A

When platelets encounter an irregular surface such as a wound

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31
Q

Where do platelets form in the body?

A

From specialized cells called megakaryocytes

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32
Q

What are the 3 main functions of blood

A

Transport
Defence
Homeostasis

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33
Q

Why is blood a transport medium?

A

1) Blood transports oxygen from the lungs to all the different parts of the body in the form of oxyhaemoglobin, via the red blood cells. This can be used to carry out cellular respiration

2) Blood also transport carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs in the form of bicarbonate ions, within the plasma.

3) Blood also transports digested food from the ileum like glucose, salts and amino acids, to the liver and to other tissues in the body.

4) Blood transports excretory products. For example from the liver (urea) to the kidneys, this eventually forms urine.

5) Transports hormones like insulin and testosterone from endocrine glands to specific organs. The specific organs depend on the hormone.

6) Metabolic Heat: blood transports metabolic heat which is produced by the liver and the muscles. Heat is transported via the blood to all the parts of the body especially in colder areas

Antibodies are also transported in the blood

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34
Q

Why does blood have a defensive role?

A

The white blood cells and the platelets are involved in the defensive role.

Regarding platlets,when they will encounter an irregular surface, they will clump together to heal the wound.

When there is a high presence of platelets this will lead to the formation of fibrin. Fibrin will form a network of fibres across the wound, preventing blood loss and preventing bacteria from entering

This network of fibres is called the scab.

HOWVER,before the fibrin is formed white blood cells will fight bacteria, bacteria fight much more quickly than white blood cells.

Fibrinogen is converted into fibrin by an enzyme, and this will form the scab. The scab will trap red blood cells and platelets accumulate in the wound so blood clotting can occur.

White blood cells have a defensive role because they form part of the immune system and fight off diseases and microbes.

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35
Q

Why does blood have a homeostatic function?

A

Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment.

1) Blood will spread heat evenly
2) Blood removes excess water from the tissue
3) Blood transports substances needed by the body which are glucose and oxygen and removes unwanted substances such as carbon dioxide

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36
Q

Therefore mention the main functions of the circulatory system.

A

1) Transports of oxygen to tissues and removal of carbon dioxide
2) Transports hormones
3) Distributes metabolic heat from the liver and the muscles to the body
4) Blood clotting
5) Transports antibodies and white blood cells, making the immune system strong

ETC

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37
Q

What would happen if the circulatory system didn’t exist ?

A

The distribution and transport of materials in larger organisims would be too slow to maintain life. Therefore, the ciruclatory system allows for the rapid diffusion of nutrients,oxygen,waste products,hormones etc to all the cells of the body.

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38
Q

What are the 3 main components of the circulatory system?

A

Blood: which is a fluid that transports materials to all the cells of the body

Blood vessels: they are tubes which transport the “fluid” to and away from cells

Heart: which ensures that blood is pumped all over the body

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39
Q

Mention the different blood vessels which form part of the circulatory system

A

Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins

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40
Q

What is the main function of arteries?

A

Blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart

41
Q

What is the main function of veins?

A

Blood vessels which carry blood towards the heart

42
Q

What is the main function of capillaries?

A

They connect arties to veins.

Arteries never form a vein directly,but they form vein through capillaries.

43
Q

True or false

Arteries are muscular . Blood will leave the heart via the arteries. Then as the diameter of arterioles decreases, arterioles form

A

True

44
Q

What will happen to the arterioles when the diameter will diminish? Which blood vessels will form?

A

Capillaries

45
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Capillaries are the blood vessels where the exchange of nutrients,oxgena dn waste products occurs between the body cells and capillaries. Since there is a high pressure in capillaries, this will cause fluid to leak out of the capillaries forming interstitial fluid/tissue fluid.

45
Q

What is the function of tissue fluid?

A

Tissue fluid bathes all of the surrounding cells in the body,and allows for the exchnage of watses,nutrients and oxygen to occur.

46
Q

What blood vessels will form when the capillaries will start start to increase in diameter?

A

Venules,then diameter keeps on increasing which will form the veins.Veins will carry the deoxygenated blood towards the heart. Veins contain valves which prevent the backflow of blood and ensure that blood is flwong one direction.

47
Q

What is the purpose of the lymphatic system in the circulatory system

A

The lymphatic system will absorb excess tissue fluid and molecules which have leaked from the capillaries. It is carried back to the circulatory system via the lymph capillaries.

48
Q

Describe in detail the structure and function of arteries. And draw a diagram of the structure of an artery and label it.

A

Arteries have a thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres.

Narrow lumen (therefore a high pressure is found)

No valves present, because the blood moves on its own due to the high pressure

Arteries can be found deep within the body

49
Q

What is the heart beat?

A

Causes a ripple of pressure to pass down an artery. This ripple of pressure can be felt as a pulse,when the artery is near the surface of the body.

50
Q

Describe the structure and function of arterioles in detail

A

Arteries branch into smaller vessels called arterioles. (diameter decreases in size)

The contain less elastic tissue and more muscle fibre.

The arterioles branch again into smaller vessels called capillaries.

51
Q

Describe the structure and function of capillaries in detail, and draw a diagram.

A

No muscle layer and no elastic fibres because blood has to escape

No valves present, blood will move through the capillaries. (it moves automatically in the body)

Capillaries have a microscopic lumen to leak out the tissue fluid. (large lumen)

Capillaries are found everywhere in the body

Capillaries ensure that no living cell is too far away from a source of oxygen and food

Capillaries will form venules and veins

52
Q

Describe the structure and function of the veins in detail and include a diagram.

A

Veins have thin layers of muscle and elastic fibres.

Veins have valves which ensure that blood is flowing in one direction. To prevent the backflow of blood from going into the wrong direction

Veins have a wide lumen,therfore the blood pressure is steady

Veins are found beneath the skin

Blood in veins moves by muscle contractions.

53
Q

Is blood in veins oxygenated or deoxygenated and why?

A

Deoxygenated because the cells have used up the majority of the nutrients and oxygen,and produced carbon dioxide

54
Q

Compare the blood pressure in arteries,capillaries and veins

A

Arteries:high
capillaries: low/reducing blood pressure
veins:low blood pressure

54
Q

Arteries carry oxygenated blood
Veins carry deoxygenated blood
What 2 blood vessels are the exception in terms of arteries and veins?

A

Pulmonary artery: deoxygenated blood

Pulmonary vein: oxygenated blood

55
Q

Valves are mainly present in veins. However which 2 arteries contain valves?

A

Aorta and pulmonary artery

56
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The 2 pressures, measured in the arteries when the heart is contracting and relaxing.

57
Q

What can cause the heart beat and blood pressure to increase?

A

Emotions
anticipations
stress

58
Q

Why does the blood pressure need to be maintained in the body?

A

So that the blood pressure is at its optimum rate, not too fast and not too slow so it can reach every single cell in the body at the right time. (the overall needs of the body)

59
Q

What do we mean by the “myogenic nature of the heart”?

A

That the heart beats out of its own accord. The heart is meant to speed up or slow down by involuntary control by means of nerves and hormones . The heart can also beat on its own when not stimulated.

60
Q

Which 2 structures in the body control the heart beat and blood pressure?

A

Medulla oblongata and the endocrine system

61
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Vasconstriction involves the constrictnig of blood vessels. This causes the blood pressure to rise. Vasoconstriction can occur when exposed to cold temperatures in order to conserve heat.

Diameter of blood vessels decreases causing the lumen to decrease in size

62
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Vasodilation involves the relaxation of blood vessels. This causes the blood pressure to decrease. Vasodilation can occur when exposed to high temperatures to prevent the body from geting to hot.

Both processes are homeostatic responses.

Diameter of the blood vessels inicreases,causing the lumen to increase in size.

63
Q

From which site does the pulmonary vein carry oxygenated blood to the heart?

A

From the lungs

64
Q

What are the 2 types of circulation in the body?

A

Systemic: Blood flows in the heart and all the organs EXCEPT FOR THE LUNGS
Pulmonary: blood flows in the HEART AND LUNGS ONLY

65
Q

What is this type of circulatory system called when these are 2 types of circulation involved?

A

Double circulatory system

This is when blood passes through the heart twice in order to complete one full circuit

66
Q

Compare and contrast the composition of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

A

Oxygenated: more oxygen,less carbon dioxide,less water vapour,more glucose,red in colour

deoxgenated: less oxygen,more carbon dioxide,more water vapour,less glucose,bluish green in colour

67
Q

Mention 2 easy types of conditions which affect the circulatory system

A

Varicose veins and thrombosis

Varicose veins: they are found in elderly people,becasue te valves are not working properly. Veins are not impeding blood,with a minor srgery they can be removed

thrombosis: internal blood clot in vessels which lead to the brain. a person can die very easily because of this. paralysis can be caused

68
Q

Mention the 4 main types of blood vessels which extend from the heart

A

Venacava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Aorta

69
Q

Mention the 4 chambers of the heart

A

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

70
Q

Why are the walls of the atria thinner than the walls of the ventricles?

A

Because the job of the atria is to pump blood to the ventricles

71
Q

Why is the left ventricle much thicker than the right atrium?

A

Because the left ventricle needs to pump blood to the rest of the body. EXCEPT THE LUNGS The right atrium pumps blood to the lungs. (pulmonary circulation) Therefore this is called systemic circulation and blood is at a high pressure

72
Q

Mention the 2 types of valves which are present on the right and the left sides of the heart and mention their function.

A

Biscupid valve located on the left

Tricuspid valve located on the right

Valves in the heart separates the atria from the ventricles

Valves also make sure that blood doesnt flow back into the atria therefore it ensures that blood is flowing in one direction only

73
Q

What valves sperate the ventricles from the arteries?

A

Semilunar valves

74
Q

From which blood vessel does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?

A

Deoxygenated blood from the body tissues will enter the right atrium of the heart via the venacava which is the main vein in the body. Then after the blood has entered the right atrium via the venacava,the blood will enter the right ventricle and then it will be transported to the lungs via the pulmonary artery in order to become oxygenated blood again.

75
Q

From which blood vessel does oxygenated blood enter the heart?

A

After the deoxygenated blood has been transported to the lungs,the blood is going to become oxygenated in the alveoli of the lungs with the help of gaseous exchnage. Then the oxygenated blood will get transported to the left atrium of the heart via the pulmonary vein. Then the oxygenated blood will enter the left ventricle and will get transported to all the parts of the body via the aorta which is the main artery in the body.

76
Q

Draw a schematic diagram of the heart

A
77
Q

Draw a well labelled diagram of the heart

A
78
Q

What are valves made up of in the heart?

A

Tendons which prevent them from turning inside out

79
Q

What are the blood vessels called which provide the heart with oxygen and nutrients?

A

Coronary vessels and coronary arteries

80
Q

Which cycle does the heart beat form part of?

A

The cardiac cycle

81
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

it refers to the sequence of events which are conducted to form 1 heartbeat

ATRIA AND VENTRICLES ARE ANTAGONISTIC TO EACH OTHER

82
Q

Name the sequence of events regarding the cardiac cycle

A

Atrial diastole
Atrial systole
ventricular sytole
ventricular diastole

83
Q

What do the terms systole and diastole mean?

A

Systole: contraction
diastole: relaxation

84
Q

What happens during atrial diastole?

A

When the atria and ventricles are relaxed,blood is going to return to the atria . Oxygenated Blood from the pulmonary vein will enter the left atrium and depoxgenated blood from the venacava will enter the right atrium.

During this time the bicuspid and the tricuspid valves are closed. However when the atria are filling with blood pressure will rise on the valves and this will cause the valves to open.Allwoing blood into the ventricles

85
Q

What happens during atrial systole?

A

When atrial diastole ends this will result in the atria contracting and allowing blood into the ventricles. This is called atrial systole.

86
Q

What happens during ventricular systole?

A

Then the ventricles will contract (ventricular systole)

When this happens the pressure will start to rise and the atrioventricular valves will close to prevent the backflow of blood into the atria

Due to the pressure exhibited on the semilunar valves, this will cause these valves to open and will allow blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta

87
Q

What happens during ventricular diastole?

A

Happens when ventricular systole ends

However some blood due to the pressure will flow back into the ventriculus causing the semilunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary artery to close

88
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node located in the heart?

A

Right atrium and it acts as a pacemaker

89
Q

What other node is found in the heart?

A

AV node (atrioventricular node)

90
Q

What are purkinje fibres?

A

Fibres which help the heart conduct an electrical stimulus helping it to contract

91
Q

What is the fluid which is leaked out of capillaries?

A

Tissue fluid

92
Q

What is the importance of the tissue fluid?

A

It acts as a diffusion medium which allows the diffusion of substances such as oxygen,carbon dioxide and nutrients into and out of cells.

93
Q

Where is the tissue fluid located in the body?

A

The tissue fluid fills the narrow spaces between cells and baths all surrounding cells.

94
Q

Draw a diagram of the exchange of nutrients between cells including the lymph and the tissue fluid.

A
95
Q

What are all of these nutrients and oxygen used for?

A

For various processes like cellular respiration

96
Q

Mention a common disease associated with the heart

A

Coronary heart disease

This is due to blockage in the coronary arteries.

This can be caused by a blood clot
Spasms
or when arteries narrow due ti for example high amounts of cholesterol

Biology (19 decks)

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