The Uks Evolving Physical Landscape

Question 1

What is igneous rock

And examples

Answer 1

A rock formed through the cooling of and solidification of magma
Diorite
Granite
Pegmatite

Question 2

Sedimentary rock

And examples

Answer 2

Formed when layers of sediment compact together. until the become solid rock

Carboniferous limestone and chalk
Clay and shales

Question 3

Metamorphic rock

And examples

Answer 3

Rocks are formed when igenous or sedimentary rocks are changed due to pressure and heat. Becoming harder and more compact

Slate
Schist

Question 4

How do volcanoes effect the landscape

Answer 4

Active volcanoes forced magma to the surface . This magma cooled and solidified to form igneous rock

Question 5

How did glaciers effect the landscaep

Answer 5

Plucking
Freeze thaw
Abrasion

Question 6

Where is Snowdonia located

Answer 6

Upland

Question 7

Describe lilyn idwal

Answer 7

A corrie hollowed out by glaciers

Freeze thaw weathering occurs on the steep back walls breakingup rock and forming scree

Question 8

Why do streams and gullies occur around snowdonia

Answer 8

Land of impermeable rock meaning water can only erode the sides of the channel

Question 9

Where is the weald

Answer 9

Lowland

Question 10

Why are dry valleys found in lowland landscapes

Answer 10

Valleys with no visble stream. Formed during glacial periods where the colder climate allowed for more freeze thaw weathering and glacial slow melt provided more water than the warmer climates we had today

Question 11

How have humans changed the landscape

Answer 11

Agriculture
Clearing vegatation
Sheep grazing
Hedgerows and walls

Forestry
Replantation is unnatrual
Harvesting of descidous woodland

Settlements
Bridging points over rivers
Infastrcture 
Concreted surfaces affecting drainage patterns 
Rivers modified with embankments

Question 12

Mechanical weathering

Answer 12

Salt weathering through repeated expansion and contraction of crystals

Question 13

Chemical weathering

Answer 13

Changing chemical composition of surface

Question 14

Explain mass movement

Answer 14

Shifting of rocks and loose materials down a slope as the force holding them up is weaker than gravity. Water can help loosen the mud and material

Question 15

What aee the three types or mass movement

Answer 15

Slides
Slumps
Rockfallw

Question 16

What three erosion processes effect the coast

Answer 16

Abrasion
Attrition
Hydraulic action

Question 17

Climate impacts on costal retreat

Answer 17

Milde weather causes salt weathering
Storms are more frequent stronger winds can cause destructive waves to occur more

Increased rainfall can increase mass movement

Question 18

Development of a wave cut platform

Answer 18

Wave causes erosion at bottom of cliff
Forms a wave cut notch
Rocks above become unstable and collapse
Collapsed material is mashed away
Process continues resulting in cliff retreat
Platform is left behind

Question 19

Formation of headlands and bays

Answer 19

Form with alternating bands of hard and soft rock
Less resistant rock erode first forming a bay
Resistant rock is eroded slower and left jutting forming a headland

Question 20

Formation of cave to arch to stacks

Answer 20

Waves crash into headland enlarging cracks due to repeated erosion causing a cave to form

Erosion deepens cave until it breaks the other side forming an arch

Erosion wears way at arch until it collapses eventually leaving isolated rock called stacks

Question 21

Explain longshore drift

Answer 21

Waves follow direction of prevailing winds usually hitting at an oblique angle

Swash carries sediment up the beach

Backwash pulls it back at a right angle

Over time material zig zags across the beach

Question 22

Formation of a spit

Answer 22

Spits form at a sharp bend
LSD transports sand and shingle into the sea
Strong winds cause waves to curve and therefore cause the curve of the spit
The sheltered area behined the spit is protected from waves
Mud accumulates there and allows plants to grow there

Question 23

Formation of a BAR

Answer 23

A bar is formed when a spit is joined by a headland

The water behind the bar is cutoff and becomes a lagoon

Question 24

Human activities on coast

Answer 24

Agriculture
Vegetation can stabilise cliffs
Exposure of soil when vegatation is grazed
Reduction or natural flood barriers (marshland)

Development
High cost areas
Low cost areas 
Hold the line 
Retreat the line 

Industry
Gravel extraction
Removal of salt marshs (natrual flood barriers)

Question 25

Holderness

Answer 25

Contains high value areas . Over 14000 people live in the towns near by . Town such as hornsea. Defences such as groynes

Question 26

Problems of costal defences

Answer 26

Groynes prevent erosion in high value areas however places such as great mowden where caravan parks and farms are at risk as there is sediment starvation allowing for quicker erosion Spurn head also at risk

Question 27

How does climate increase costal flooding

Answer 27

Storm frequency | Rising sea levels

Question 28

Sea walls

Answer 28

Made or hard concrete . Reflects the energy of the waves back into the sea It prevents erosion and is a barrier to stop flood Creates a strong backwash , they are expensive to build and maintain

Question 29

Groynes

Answer 29

Wooden or stone fences that trap sediment which would be transported via LSD Creates wider and more attractive beaches and are fairly cheap They starve beaches later down the coast of sediment . Making them narrower Wood rots

Question 30

Beach replenishment

Answer 30

Sand and shingle is added to the upper parts of beaches Creates wider beaches which slows waves. Gives protection for flood and erosion Taking material can kill organisms . Its very expensive as the process must be repeated

Question 31

Slope stabilisation

Answer 31

Slopes are reinforced with metal netting and nails Prevents mass movement making coasts safer to travel on Slope stabilisation is hard to install and is expensive

Question 32

Strategic realignment

Answer 32

Removing an existing flood defenses and allow the land behind it to flood Controls where floods can occur . Letting of the pressure constantly reduces the likelihood of a huge flood in high cost areas

Question 33

Intergrated costal management zone

Answer 33

A scheme that takes everyones opinions into account and tries to find the outcome of every-bodies interests