The Urinary System

Question 1

What does the hilum contain?

Answer 1

Renal vessels, nerves, and the renal pelvis

Question 2

What constitues a lobe?

Answer 2

A medullary pyramid and the overlying cortex plus 1/2 of the renal columns on each side of the pyramid

Question 3

What is a calyx?

Answer 3

Extensions of the renal pelvis

Question 4

How man renal papillae does a minor calyx surround?

Answer 4

One

Question 5

What is the functional unit in the kidney and what does it consist of?

Answer 5

Nephron - renal corpuscle and tubule

Question 6

What are the four major segments and their components?

Answer 6

Proximal thick segment - PCT and PST
Thin segment - Thin limb (TL)
Distal thick segment - MTAL and CTAL
Distal Convoluted Tube (DCT)

Question 7

What segments make up the Loop of Henle?

Answer 7

PST, TL, and MTAL

Question 8

What is the division point between proximal and distal nephron?

Answer 8

Macula densa (Herron)

Question 9

What are the openings from the renal papilla into the minor calyces termed?

Answer 9

Ducts of Bellini

Question 10

Is the afferent or efferent arteriole larger?

Answer 10

Afferent

Question 11

What are the two layers of Bowman’s capsule and their cellular composition

Answer 11

Visceral - Podocytes

Parietal - Simple squamous epithelium

Question 12

What is the space between the visceral and parietal layers of Bowman’s capsule?

Answer 12

Urinary space

Question 13

What cells are distributed amongst capillaries in the glomerulus and what is their function?

Answer 13

Mesangial cells - phagocytose debris, provide structural suport, repair (IL1 & PDGF)

Question 14

What are the subdivisions of the cortex?

Answer 14

Cortical labyrinths and medullary rays

Question 15

What does a cortical labyrinth consist of?

Answer 15

Renal corpuscles, PCT and DCT

Question 16

What does a medullary ray consist of?

Answer 16

Straight tubules and collecting ducts

Question 17

What does a lobule consist of?

Answer 17

A medullary ray and adjacent one-half labyrinths

Question 18

What does the medulla consist of?

Answer 18

PST, thin limb, and DST

Question 19

Name arterial vasculature from renal artery to efferent arteriole.

Answer 19

Renal Artery - Lobar Arteries - Interlobar Arteries - Arcuate Arteries - Interlobular Arteries - Afferent Arterioles - Glomerulus - Efferent Arteriole

Question 20

What do efferent arterioles produce in cortical and juxtamedullary glomeruli?

Answer 20

Cortical - peritubular capillaries

Juxtamedullary - vasa recta (arteriole recta)

Question 21

What artery is present at the corticomedullary junction?

Answer 21

Arcuate artery

Question 22

What artery is present at the medullary ray boundary?

Answer 22

Interlobular artery

Question 23

Where does MOST reabsorption take place?

Answer 23

PCT

Question 24

Where does MOST secretion take place?

Answer 24

Thin limb, distal tubules, and collecting ducts

Question 25

What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus consist of?

Answer 25

Macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, and extraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 26

What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus do?

Answer 26

Regulate blood pressure

Question 27

What do macula densa cells do?

Answer 27

Monitor blood volume and [Na]

Question 28

What do juxtaglomerular cells do?

Answer 28

Secrete renin when stimulated by macula densa cells

Question 29

Name the route of discharge of urine from collecting ducts to bladder.

Answer 29

Collecting Ducts - Ducts of Bellini - Minor Calyx - Major Calyx - Renal Pelvis - Ureter - Bladder

Question 30

What cell type lines the excretory passages?

Answer 30

Transitional epithelium | *Note the lower part of the urethra has stratified or pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 31

What is the general structure of excretory passages?

Answer 31

Mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia (serosa) | *Note except urethra

Question 32

How many muscle layers in ureter and bladder?

Answer 32

Upper Ureter - 2 Lower Ureter - 3 Bladder - 3 (Inner longitudinal, Middle circular, Outer longitudinal)