The vine Flashcards
1
Q
Podet
A
Grafted
2
Q
Which are the three important species of vine native to North America ?
A
Vitis labrusca ("foxy" smell, for Jewish ceremonial wine and grape jelly to spread)
vitis riparia (the saviour, first succesful grafting)
vitis rotundifolia (gigantic globe-shapes grapes)
vitis rupestris (the sand grape)
vitis berlandieri (resistant to chlorosis)
3
Q
Knopskydning
A
Budding
4
Q
Stikling
A
Cutting
5
Q
Aflægning (?) af vin
A
Layering of vine
6
Q
Cultivar
A
Druesort (også grape variety)
7
Q
Which two grape varieties are mutations of the grape variety Pinot Noir ?
A
Pinot Blanc and Pinot Gris
8
Q
What is cross-fertilisation ?
A
Pollen from the male part of the flower from one vine is transferred to the female part of the flower of another vine and fertilisation occurs.
The pollinated flower develops into a grape with seeds.
If a seed is planted and grows, it will be a new variety, as its genetic material will be different from that of its parents.
9
Q
What are the 4 main sections of the vine ?
A
The green parts
One-year old wood
Permanent wood
Roots
10
Q
What are the main elements of the shoot ?
A
Leaves, buds, tendrils, flowers or berries
11
Q
Slyngtråde
A
Tendrils
12
Q
Trellis wire
A
Espalier (ståltråd) ?
13
Q
What is the role of the vine leaves ?
A
They are principally responsible for photosynthesis: sunlight used to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
Glucose is used to support vine growth and make the ripe grape taste sweet.
14
Q
What is the role of the vine flowers ?
A
The flowers are the reproductive organs.
There are both male and female parts.
They are grouped into bunches called inflorescences (blomsterstande ?).
Each pollinated flower becomes a berry and the whole inflorescence becomes a bunch of grapes.
15
Q
What is one-year-old wood ?
A
Shoots turn woody during the winter after they have grown.
The following spring, they become one-year-old wood.
16
Q
Why is the one-year-old wood important ?
A
Vines will normally only produce fruit on shoots that grow from buds that developed the previous year.
17
Q
What is the role of the buds ?
A
They form on the one-year-old wood in the join between the leaf and the shoot and can be described as embryonic shoots.
They mature inside their casing during the growing season.
By the end of the year, each bud contains in miniature all the structures that will become the shoot, leaves, flowers and tendrils the following year.
The following year, buds that formed on the one-year-old wood year burst and grow into shoots.
18
Q
When pruning the vine, what defines whether the one-year-old will become a cane or a spur ?
A
It depends on the number of buds that are left on it.
A cane is long, with 8-20 buds.
A spur is short, with 2-3 buds.
19
Q
What is permanent wood ?
A
Wood that is more than one year old. Consists of trunk and, where present, the arms (cordons) of the vine.
The amount of permanent wood is restricted by pruning.
20
Q
What is the role of the roots ?
A
- To absorb water and nutrients from the soil
- to anchor the vine
- to store carbohydrates to allow the vine to survive the winter.
21
Q
Kimplante
A
Seedling
22
Q
What is a crossing ?
A
A new variety created from two parents of the same species. (Usually both V, Vinifera).
Technically very grape variety used today is a crossing, but normally used to designate new varieties bred in laboratories.
23
Q
Cabernet Sauvignon is a crossing of whch varieties ?
A
Cabernet Franc X Sauvignon Blanc
24
Q
Müller-Thurgau is a crossing of which varieties ?
A
Riesling X Madeleine Royale
25
Pinotage is a crossing of which varieties ?
Pinot Noir X Cinsault
26
What is a hybrid ?
A vine whose parents come from two different vine species. Typically, they will have at least one American parent.
27
What do you know about Phylloxera ?
An insect from North America introduced to Europe in the late nineteenth century, causing havoc in the vineyards, as V. Vinifera has no defence against it.
The insect has a very complex life cyclus, during one phase it lives underground and feeds on the vine's roots. Infections enter through the wounds and the vine is weakened and dies.
The American vines produce a sticky sap that clogs the louse's mouth and form protective layers behind the feeding wound that prevents infection.
28
What areas were not infected by phylloxera ?
Chile, parts of Argentina and South Australia.
29
Besides from offering protection agains phylloxera, what are the benefits of rootstocks ?
Specific rootstocks can protect agaings nematodes
| Some can provide better resistance to drought.
30
Bench grafting
Podning foretaget på planteskole (?)
31
Head grafting
Offers a faster shift from one variety to another:
| The existing vine is cut back to its trunk and a bud or cutting of a new variety is grafted onto the trunk.
32
Frugtsætning
Fruit set
33
What are the 5 fundamentals to complete the annual cycle of a vine ?
Heat (for growth/survival)
Sunlight (during growing season: to combine CO2 and water to produce glucose and oxygen:photosynthesis)
CO2
Water
Nutrients are extracted from the soil and combined with glucose to support growth and, most importantly, to ripen grapes. (The oxygen is lost through the leaves).
34
At what temperature does the growth of a vine stop ?
Below 10 degrees Celcius.
Therefore the vine is dormant during winter and budburst happens in spring.
Heat is also needed for succesful flowering, fruit set and ripening.
The amount of heat needed during growing season depends on the grape variety.
35
What factors affect heat ?
```
Latitude - normally 30-50 north and south of Equator
Altitude
Ocean currents
Fog
Soil
Aspect
Continentality and Diurnal range
```
36
What is the name of the cold ocean current that has a cooling effect on the temperature and makes wine production possible in Chile ?
Humboldt current
37
What is the name of the cold ocean current that has a cooling effect on the temperature and makes wine production possible in South Africa?
Benguela Current
38
What is the name of the warm ocean current that warms the north-west of Europe and makes it possible to grow grapes ?
Gulf Stream
39
Name two areas where fog is a cooling element that makes it possible to produce high-quality grapes ?
California and Casablanca Valley, Chile
40
Name an area where high altitude makes it possible to sucessfully grow vines close to the Equator ?
Cafayate, Northern Argentina
41
How does a dark soil or a soil that has a high rock and stone content react to the sun's heat ?
It absorb and reradiate the heat more than lighter coulored soils
This can be critical for ripening fruit in cool climates.
42
What are the consequences of a soil with high water content on budburst ?
Soils like clay require more energy to warm up and conduct the heat from the vine more quickly than dry soils, which can delay budburst.
43
Vineyards facing the Equator receive_______ heat ?
the most
44
Apart from the aspect of a slope, which other fact determines the solar exposition ?
Steeper slopes benefit more from being Equator facing.
| This is seen clearly in Mosel, where the best vineyards have the most favourable aspect and are very steep.
45
How is continentality defined ?
The difference between the coldest and the hottest month.
46
What natural elements reduce the continentality of an area ?
Large bodies of water such as lakes and seas.
47
Udsving i dagtemperaturen
Diurnal range - the difference between daytime and night-time temperatures
48
What is the effect of cool nights on the grapes during ripening ?
Cool nights help slow the loss of aromas and acidity in the grapes during ripening, whereas warm nights accelerate ripening.
49
In a region with a warm or hot climate, a vineyard with a large diurnal range can produce wines that are_____and more _______compared with a vineyard with a smaller diurnal range.
Fresher
| aromatic
50
How does the level of cloud cover influence the diurnal range ?
It reduces the diurnal range, as the clouds create an insulating blanket that preserves the temperature longer.
51
Under what temperature can the vine be seriously damaged or even killed ?
Under -20 degrees Celcius
52
What are the consequences on the vine of the lack of winter period in subtropical climates ?
No dormant period means possibly more than one crop per year.
This in turn shortens the vine's life and reduces the quality of the grapes.
Mild winters also means more insects survive the winter.
53
What is the consequence of spring frost on newly burst buds or young shoots ?
They are killed
54
What are the 4 main forms of protection against spring frost (below 0 degrees at ground level) ?
Heaters
Wind machines
Sprinklers
Thoughtful vineyard design - avoiding depressions in which cold air can collect, planting on the middle of slopes - training vines high off the ground
55
What is the consequence of cold temperatures during growing season ?
It may delay budburst - thus reducing the growing season, which could mean too little time for grapes to ripen fully (before autumn sets in with cooler temperatures).
Flowering and fruit set can also be disrupted by cold temperatures, resulting in a smaller than average crop of grapes.
56
What is the consequence of prolonged periods of very hot temperatures during growing season ?
The vine activity will slow and eventually stop, even if there is sufficient water, which prevents the grapes from ripening properly.
In extreme cases the vine will die.
57
What is the consequence of plenty of sunlight ?
Plenty of photosynthesis means a greater amount of glucose, which means greater growth and ripening grapes.
Flowering and fruit set also benefit greatly from plenty of sunlight ?
58
What 3 factors affect the amount of sunlight in a vineyard ?
Latitude - day lenght during the summer growing season is longer, the further from the Equator.
Seas and lakes - Vineyards near large bodies of water tend to experience more cloud dover, but some vineyards situated above rivers and lakes can benefit from the reflection.
Aspect - Vineyards on steeper slopes facing the Equator receive more sunlight. (The greater distance from the Equator, the weaker the sun's energy, making the aspect especially important for vineyards close to the poles.)
59
How can canopy management help to avoid the negative effects of sunlight ?
The vine canopy can provide shade in extremely sunny regions, as intense sun can cause sunburn, leading to bitter flavours developing in the grape skin.
60
What does the vine need water for ?
Photosynthesis and to swell grapes during ripening
61
What is transpiration ?
The transportation of water from the roots up to the leaves.
62
What are the benefits of a limited supply of water, one a sufficient canopy of leaves has grown ?
This may mean that the vine concentrates on grape ripening rather than further shoot growth.
Another benefit is that this reduces the impact of shading because the canopy does not grow too large.
63
What are the 3 main irrigation techniques ?
Drip irrigation
Sprinklers
Flood irrigation
64
What is the consequence of water shortage ?
If temporary, the vine temporarily stops transpiration.
If prolonged, the vine suffers from water stress, phtosynthesis stops, leaves wilt and grapes fail to ripen.
Ultimately, this can weaken and kill vine.
65
What happens, if the vine has access to too much water during growing season ?
The vine will continue to grow shoots and leaves during the ripening season, leaving less sugar for ripening grapes.
The leaves and shoot also create shading, further restricting the grape ripening.
In extreme cases, the roots will become saturated and die.
66
How may rainfall affect the vine ?
Heavy rainfalls can disrupt both flowering and fruit set which may sinificantly reduce the number of grapes that are formed.
Dampness after rainfall can also lead to fungal diseases.
Heavy rain shortly before harvest may cause the berries to swell excessively, which dilutes the flavours.
In extreme cases, the berries split and attract fungal diseases.
67
What preventive measures are used to protect against hail ?
Netting.
68
How is a region's climate defined ?
As the annual average pattern of temperature, sunlight and rainfall over several years.
69
How is a region's weather defined ?
As the annual variation relative to the climatic average.
| One region that experience great variation, for instance, is Bordeaux, France.
70
When is the growing season on the Northern hemisphere ?
April to October
| Opposite on the Southern.
71
What is the average temperature during the growing season in a cool climate ?
16.5 degrees or below
72
What is the average temperature during the growing season in a moderate climate ?
16.5 - 18.5 degrees
73
What is the average temperature during the growing season in a warm climate ?
18.5 - 21 degrees
74
What is the average temperature during the growing season in a hot climate ?
above 21 degrees
75
What are the characteristics of continental climate ?
The greatest difference between hottest and coldest months (high continentality).
Usually characterised by short summers with a large, rapid drop of temperature in autumn.
Dry summers
76
In cool continental climates as Chablis and Champagne, what characteristics should the planted grape varieties have ?
Varieties that bud late (to avoid the risk of spring frost) and ripen early (to avoid the risk of not ripening, due to the low temperatures during autumn).
77
In maritime climate like Bordeaux, what characteristics should the planted grape varieties have ?
Thick-skinned grape varieties like Cabernet Sauvignon ripen well because of the long period for ripening as temperatures are warm enough far into the autumn.
78
What are the characteristics of maritime climate ?
Cool to moderate temperatures and low annual difference between the hottest and coldest months (=low continentality).
Rainfall tend to be spread evenly throughout the year which help to moderate temperature.
(Though rainfall in spring and summer can be harmful to flowering, fruit set and health of the grapes at harvest).
79
What grape varieties are fit for mediterranean climate like throughout the Mediterranean and much of coastal California, Chile, South Africa and South Eastern ?Australia,
Varieties that deal well with the extra warmth and sunlight, compared with maritime climate, such as ?
80
What are the characteristics of mediterranean climate ?
Low temperature difference between hottest and coldest month, just like the maritime climate, but summers tend to be warm and dry.
The lower rainfall can be positive for the health of the grapes, but can also lead to drought.
81
What are the consequences of the mediterranean climate on the wine style ?
Wines are generally fuller bodied, with riper tannins, higher alcohol and lower levels of acidity.
82
What is the ideal distribution of rainfall for best grape quality ?
A good supply of water early in the season to support strong shoot and leaf growth.
Mild water stress after véraison to promote grape ripening.
83
Which particles in the soil store water and which facilitate water drainage ?
Humus and clay bind water whereas sand and stones do not.
84
What is loam ?
A mixture of sand and clay particles. Many of the best soils (although this depends on a lot of factors) are made up of this mix, as they drain well but retain enough water for wine growth.
85
What are the most important nutritients for a vine and where are they found ?
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
They occur naturally in the soil.
86
What is chlorosis ?
The lack of ability to photosyntesise, causing yellow leaves.
It is caused by lack of nutrients,
