The vine Flashcards

Question

Describe the difference in tannin development PRE and POST veraison

Answer 1

Sunlight facilitates the development of tannins in grapes. Pre: tannins accumulate Post: tannins polymerise.

Answer 2

The atmosphere higher up contains less water, therefore there is a greater diurnal range as water acts as a moderator.

Answer 3

East: Morning sun heats the soil which will radiate heat throughout the day. Dries off dew which helps reduce risk of fungal disease, and cools the grape - this is important in cool climates. West facing: These get afternoon sun which can be more intense. It can be too hot for many grapes. If there's a coast to the wEst, however, they can benefit fro the cooling sea breeze.

Answer 4

Shade from wind, drainage (water not settling) protection from frost (cold air rolls down the slope)

Answer 5

Nearer is better as it can delay ripening, as temperatures are colder near a body of water. If left in hotter parts of the vineyard, they risk gaining too much sugar and losing acid, making the wine unbalanced.

Answer 6

True. La Zonda in Mendoza brings the temperature up.

Answer 7

Pros: it can move stagnant air, reducing risk of fungal disease. cons: it can damage vines (la transmontan) - It can encourage evapotranspiration which can put the vine under water stress.

Answer 8

Soil structure (loose vs tight packed - affects drainage and heat retention) Colour of soil (dark soils absorb heat while light colours reflect) Soil make up (clay vs chalk)

Answer 9

Cool climate: 500mm a year | Warm climate: 700mm a year

Answer 10

It is the state of cells being swollen with water to keep them erect without need of a skeletal structure

Answer 11

1) facilitating photosynthesis 2) transporting nutrients (And sugar) 3) temperature regulation 4) turgidity 5) medium for all biochemical. and physiological mechanisms

Answer 12

It is the lee side of a hill that is protected fro train, as it falls on the other side.

Answer 13

a) can ruin pollination at wrong time b) can encourage too much vigour c) can displace O2 in soil which kills organisms. d) can wash away nutrients e) can also wash away soil f) Can dilute grapes if at the end of ripening or split grapes g) can cool down soil temperature which makes it harder / slower to warm up

Answer 14

- too much energy going to leaves and shoots and not grapes - delays ripening period - reduces development of tannins - reduces levels of anthocyanins

Answer 15

Nitrogen: photosynthesis. Potassium: regulates flow of water and sugars Others: Phosphorus: photosynthesis (only a little needed) Calcium: cell structure and photosynthesis Magnesium: chlorophyl

Answer 16

Clay. It has small particles (opposite: sandy) and locks in nutrients and water. This isn't always a good thing as plants only needs a small amount of nutrients and water logging is an issue. Silt sits between clay and sand in terms of structure Loam is a mix of all of them.

Answer 17

``` Growing Degree Days. 5 bands. Level 1: cool Level 5: hot. - Average tem pin growing season - 10 - x by number of days in that month, and for all months. - sum results for total ```

Answer 18

GST - Growing Season Temperature MJT - Mean Jan / July Temp (dependent on hemisphere) Huglin Index

Answer 19

Maritime: Bordeaux Continental: Champagne Merditerranean: Nappa (diff between Maritime and Medium: rain fall is all year for former, and in winter for latter)

Answer 20

Warm. 18.5-21C Hot is 21+ Cool 16.5 Moderate 16.5-18.5.

Answer 21

Pros: - cheap - efficient - Higher yields Cons: - bad for the environment - lower quality juice - mass approach rather than individual plot / plant care - Plants more susceptible to fungal disease because pests spread faster in a monoculture.

Answer 22

IPM is Integrated Pest Management, or Lutte raisonnée in French. It means only intervening with fungicides / pesticides when necessary rather than just spraying as part of the course.

Answer 23

Pros: - better quality of grape / juice - better for the environment - less money spent on pesticides Cons - more labour required as the plants need to be inspected to check for disease levels - higher risk of plant diseases - "sustainable" isn't an internationally recognised benchmark

Answer 24

1) no fungicides / pesticides / herbicides 2) cover crops which can be used as green manure, absorb water, provide competition for water and nutrients, encourage bio diversity in the vineyard, stop soil erosion 3) Application of compost (improves quality of soil structure - slow release of nutrients) 4) natural fertiliser (animal dung) + calcium carbonate 5) Reduction of monoculture

Answer 25

Use of bacteria subtilis that fights the grey rot fungus (botrytis cinerea).

Answer 26

Italy with 15.8%. Europe has 84% of the world's organic viticulture (2017). But for context - at that time, only 5.4% of the world's vineyards were organic.

Answer 27

Pros: - better care for the environment - better quality of grapes - less cost of pesticides - marketing opportunity - less risk of pests spreading as not a monoculture Cons - lower yields - labour costs - potential disease risk from pests and weather - no international standard - potential build up of heavy metals from spraying CU Sulphate for mildew

Answer 28

Moon ascending: Sap rises in the vine, and not a good time to prune, but good for cutting and grafting. Moon descending: sap sinks to the roots, and consequently a good moment to prune and plant.

Answer 29

Burning harmful plants and animals (weeds, rats, sparrows etc) and sprinkling the ashes around the vineyard as a warning to others

Answer 30

yes, if there is a strong enough risk of losing the entire crop.

Answer 31

Demeter. Exact regulations vary per region and country

Answer 32

Micro plots; breaking a vineyard into small and sometimes irregular shaped plots dictated by the soil structure and topography of the land, to ensure the most appropriate plants and planted in the best spots, minimising risks and maximising quality. Part of sustainable viticulture.

Answer 33

Pros: - best use of the land to maximise quality, yield and health equally - reduced wattage - very targeted response to specific needs Cons - expensive to survey the land initially - expensive to continue to monitor the land to see how the plants are growing

Answer 34

1) aspect 2) soil 3) slope (mechanisation) 4) weather / climate 5) sun exposure 6) cost 7) Legal requirements (PDO) 8) Proximity to town for labour 9) proximity to winery 10) water source

Answer 35

It is a thick layer below the surface created by mechanical equipment ploughing to a certain depth consistently, which can block the roots and hinder water drainage.

Answer 36

Vitis Berlandieri

Answer 37

Rupestris (this is good for low nutrient soils, and also grapes destined for delicate flavours which need volume over concentration - like sparkling). Low vigour: Riparia.

Answer 38

Berlandieri & Rupestris - both root deep and quickly

Answer 39

10-40. 0-3, inflorescences removed. under 5, roots too weak. over 40: yields go down

Answer 40

1. Only the best adapted have lasted there 2. Poor performing vines would have been grubbed previously 3. They have adapted to the area optimally 4. Lower yield means higher concentration of flavours 5. more carbs in the trunk to support the vine 6. The vines would have originally been placed in the best locations given the choice

Answer 41

weed control by ploughing (can damage the soil structure if done too frequently)

Answer 42

Contact (kills the above soil structure) Pre-emergence (kills the root) systemic (affects whole plant)

Answer 43

Pros : - hooves gently cultivate soil - free manure distributed - Organic and BD approved - meat / milk for humans Cons - labour required to look after animals - grapes need to be trained high - Susceptible to pesticides

Answer 44

Pros - cheap - compete for water & nutrients - keep soil healthy (biome and structure) - can be used for green manure - can keep some pests away - provide compost - break up monocultures - biodiversity - solid ground for machinery Cons - slippery when wet - can compete too much for water - need to mow / cultivate it

Answer 45

Spreading of organic matter (like hay or straw or chippings) on ground to suppress weed growth

Answer 46

1 ) sediment can cause build up in pipes (for drip irrigation) so water needs to settle before being used 2) salinity can cause a build up of salt around the roots 3) if the water carries diseases they will propagate through the vineuard

Answer 47

1) drip irrigation. By far the most popular and environmentally sound. Cheap, but requires good quality water to avoid blockages and needs to be kept clean of algae and bacteria 2) Flood irrigation 3) Overhead sprinklers (good at deterring frost but expensive and use a lot of water) 4) channel irrigation

Answer 48

Regulated Deficit Irrigation Keeps the vine in a carefully regulated state of water stress to encourage ripening (after veraison) Can reduce size of berries to keep flavours concentrated.

Answer 49

Phosphorus. This is important for photosynthesis

Answer 50

Iron. A deficit of iron can cause chlorosis.

Answer 51

RDI is generally associated with smaller berries, and therefore lower volume of final product. this means the quality of the product needs to be good to ensure a decent ROI.

Answer 52

1) ensure balance between green growth for photosynthesis and grape development 2) Shade for leaves 3) enough space for air to circulate to reduce risk of fungal disease 4) Solid structure for grapes to grow on

Answer 53

1) balance of green growth and grape growth 2) ensure enough leaves for photosynthesis 3) arrangement of the canopy to maximise mechanical or manual access

Answer 54

if there aren't enough fruit on the plant, the green growth will continue.

Answer 55

IF there are too many fruit on the plant, the plant will have to rely on sugar and starch stored in the roots and trunk to continue ripening, which will have a negative impact on next year's growth

Answer 56

1) varietal / clone 2) rootstock 3) age of vine 4) climate 5) style of wine ( + pruning)

Answer 57

kg/vine OR kg/hectare / tons/acre

Answer 58

Head trained, spur pruned.

Answer 59

replacement cane pruning

Answer 60

head trained, replacement cane pruned. A double Guyot is with two replacement canes. Good for low-moderate vigour varietals or clones.

Answer 61

False. It can be used for cordon trained spur pruned vines or head trained, replacement cane pruned. It is the most common form of trellising. IT is best suited to low-moderate vigour varietals or clones.

Answer 62

it would give too dense a canopy - you would need more complex methods, like the lyre, GDC or Scott Henry to cater for the thicker canopy (canopy split horizontally)

Answer 63

Winter pruning is crucial as it determines which canes / buds will be kept for the next growing season. Summer pruning allows for canopy management sand managing fungal disease risk.

Answer 64

1) debudding (focus plant's energy, remove badly positioned ones, remove excess left over winter in case of frost damage) 2) Green harvest 3) leaf removal 4) pinching (manual) - remove shoot tips at flowering 5) shoot positioning 6) shoot trimming 7) Shoot removal

Answer 65

1) acts as a moderator for temperature; both seasonal and diurnal (water heats up and cools down more slowly than land) (In cali it cools; finger lakes in NY State have risk of frost reduced by river proximity) 2) Can reduce the risk of frost by creating air flow 3) ocean currents can either increase of decrease temperature. Bordeaux vs Willamette in Oregon. Both same latitude, but very different climates due to ocean currents 4) Water can also increase humidity which encourages fungal growth (apart from powdery mildew) so needs to be managed. 5) varietals needing more heat will be grown further inland 6) Reflection of light & heat from water (Champagne, Mosel...) good for cool climates. Amount of radiation reflected depends on latitude; the higher he latitude, he great the amount of reflection