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WSET D1 - Wine Production 2019 > The Vine and Growing Environment > Flashcards

The Vine and Growing Environment Flashcards

1
Q

American Vine Names

A

Vitis Lambrusca
Vitis Riparia
Vitis Berlandieri
Vitis Rupestris

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2
Q

Prompt Buds

A

Form and break in the same season

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3
Q

Compound buds

A

Produce main shoots the next growing season (Primary + Secondary/Tertiary as backup)

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4
Q

Grapes with red pulp are called

A

Teinturier (e.g. Alicante Bouschet)

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5
Q

What compounds make up the seeds of a grape

A

The seeds are yellow -> dark brown as the grape matures. Made up of:

  • Oils
  • Tannins
  • Embryo
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6
Q

Where are carbohydrates (starch) stored in the vine

A
  • One year old wood,
  • Permanent wood
  • Roots.
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7
Q

What function do roots serve

A
  • Anchor the vine
  • Uptake water and nutrients (from tips)
  • Store carbohydrates
  • Product hormones
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8
Q

What determines the distribution of vine roots

A
  • Soil properties
  • Irrigation
  • Cultivation
  • Rootstock
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9
Q

What is the difference between a cross and a hybrid

A

Cross - parents the same species (Pinotage = Pinot Noir x Cinsault)
Hybrid - parents different species (Vidal Blanc = Ugni Blanc x Siebel non vinifera)

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10
Q

What grapes were crossed to make Muller Thurgau

A

Reisling (fruit quality) x Madeline Royale (yield).

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11
Q

Describe the wild grape growth cycle

A

Grow in woodlands and forests, climb up trees looking for sunlight, once they reach the canopy top, they flower and produce fruit. Rely on birds to distribute seeds.

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12
Q

What are the basic needs of a grape vine

A
  • Water
  • Sunlight
  • Warmth - photosynthesis
  • Nutrients (limited)
  • Carbon Dioxide (not usually a limiting factor)
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13
Q

What factors influence budburst

A
  • Mild winter days - encourage early budburst
  • Soil - higher soil temp = early (soil composition also important)
  • Grape Variety - early/late budding. early = burst at slightly lower temp (just below 10C).
  • Human Factors - viticulture can advance/delay
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14
Q

How is budburst delayed and why

A
  • Winter pruning during dormancy.

- Frost is a threat.

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15
Q

What nutrients are needed at ‘Shoot and Leaf Growth’ stage of the cycle

A
  • Nitrogen
  • Potassium
  • Phosphorus
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16
Q

Petiole

A

Stalk that joins a leaf to a stem. Buds develop at the base.

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17
Q

Stages of pollination

A
  • Pollination - Stamen sheds pollen grains. Land on moistened stigma.
  • Germination - Each grain produces a pollen tube.
  • Fertilisation - Pollen tubes penetrate stigma then ovule. Delivers sperm which fertilises the egg. Grape berry forms.
  • Seed formation - Seeds form in fertilised ovules (<=4 per grape)
  • Ovary enlarges - Forms skin + pulp of grape.
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18
Q

Coulure

A

Fruit set fails in high proportion of flowers (<30% is normal)
Caused by:
- Imbalance in carbohydrate levels
- Low photosynthesis,
- Cold, Cloudy conditions (Bordeaux)
- Shoot growth too strong diverting carbs from inflorescence (vine balance)

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19
Q

Millerandage

A

Seedless grapes.
Can ripen normally but smaller = reduced yield.
Some stay green + small (wine quality).

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20
Q

Difference between Xylem and Phloem

A
  • Xylem transports water and carbohydrates from roots. Made up of dead (lignified tissue)
  • Phloem transports sugar (produced by photosynthesis) and water from the leaves to other parts of the vine.
  • Initially Xylem is used, after veraison and during ripening the Phloem is responsible for over 80% of transfer and the function of the Xylem becomes negligible.
    https: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2773088/
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21
Q

What happens at veraison

A
  • Lag phase - grape growth slows for a few days.
  • Grape Walls - become stretchy + supple
  • Green Chlorophyll - broken down
  • Colour - Formation of anthocyanins. Black varieties begin to turn red.
22
Q

Explain extra ripening

A
  • Grapes shrivel and sugars concentrate (Phloem sugar transport stops but transpiration continues)
  • Ripe aromas develop (jammy)
  • Weather and disease pressure can impede
  • Undesirable grape shrivelling happens in hot sunny climates (Syrah)
23
Q

Relationship between latitude, altitude and solar radiation.

A

Latitude - Higher latitudes receive less solar radiation (more atmosphere to travel through, lower angle so spread over larger area).
Altitude - Solar radiation less intense (less atmosphere), more UV radiation (sunburn).

24
Q

Benefits of low altitude

A

Water vapour in the atmosphere absorbs some solar radiation

Valley floors retain some heat at night.

25
Q

Vine row orientation

A
  • North to south in order to maximize sunlight exposure on both the east and west sides of the canopy.
  • Shield the west side of vines from afternoon sun in hot climates.
26
Q

Slope directions and reasoning.

A

South East - maximum sun exposure during the day (Burgundy, Alsace)
South - hot climates (Stellenbosch)
East - Morning sunshine (fog, cool climates, heats after ovenight loss)
West - Afternoon Sun - Hot, need cool afternoon see breezes (California, Western Australia)

27
Q

Difference between El Nino and La Nina

A

El Nino - Eastern Pacific Warmer. High rain fall, warmer and drier/drought.
La Nina - E. Pac Cooler, cooler and wetter (Pac. NW, Australia) and warmer and drier (Cali, South America)

28
Q

Weather conditions for noble rot to form.

A

Fog in the morning with warm, sunny afternoons. (otherwise it’s just grey rot).

29
Q

Rain shadow

A

Caused when warmer drier air is forced upwards by mountains. Air cools and condenses. One side has greater rain, the other less (Rain Shadow).

30
Q

Waterlogging

A

When drainage is too poor (clay soil) waterlogging can kill the vine by reducing oxygen available to roots.

31
Q

Albariza

A

White clay soil found in Jerez (Spain). Forms a crust when dry reducing evaporation.

32
Q

Evapotranspiration Rate

A

Rate of evaporation vine and ground.

Affected by temperature, humidity and wind.

33
Q

Nitrogen

A

Vine growth & vigour.
* Too much: excessive vegetative growth (redirects sugars from the grapes, canopy shading).
* Too little: issues with fermentation (low nitrogen in must = Stuck ferment and ‘rotten egg’ smells from reductive sulphur compounds created by stressed yeast. )
Restricted nitrogen = higher quality grapes.

34
Q

Potassium

A

Vine growth & water regulation
* Too much
- Interferes with magnesium uptake = reduced yields, poor ripening.
- High pH = SO2 less effective, duller colour, less able to age well, more risk of spoilage.
Too little:
- Low sugar accumulation
- Poor vine growth

35
Q

Phosphorous

A

Too little - poor root development.

Not usually a problem.

36
Q

Calcium

A

Structure of plant cells + photosynthesis.

Too little: Poor fruit set.

37
Q

Magnesium

A

Necessary for photosynthesis. Found in chlorophyll.

Too little: reduced yields, poor ripening.

38
Q

Minor nutrients (outside of Nitrogen, Postassium, Phosphorous, Calcium, Magnesium)

A

Sulphur, Manganese, Boron, Copper Zinc

39
Q

Chlorosis

A

Yellowing of vine leaves caused by high soil PH (calcium carbonate, limestone). Inhibits iron uptake.

40
Q

Mineralisation

A

Process by which bacterial organisms feed on organic matter and transform to soluble inorganic forms that are available to plants (humus).

41
Q

Growing Degree Days (GDD)

A

Amerine + Winkler (1944) for Californian Vineyards.

  • For each month in growing season:
  • Subtract 10C from average temp
  • Multiply by number of days in month
  • Add all together (Ignore month if result is a negative number).

Divided into bands - Winkler Zone 1 - 5 (hottest).

(From wikipedia: GDD are a measure of heat accumulation used by horticulturists, gardeners, and farmers to predict plant and animal development rates such as the date that a flower will bloom, an insect will emerge from dormancy, or a crop will reach maturity.)

42
Q

Huglin Index

A

Huglin (1978). Used in Europe.

  • Same as GDD but accounts for
  • Mean and max temps.
  • Increased day length at higher latitude.
  • Split into ranges with suitable grape varieties mapped.

(Each grape variety needs a certain amount of heat in order to be cultivated successfully in the long term in a given area.)

Huglin-Index H[1] Grape Variety
H < 1500 no suggestions
1500 ≤ H < 1600 Müller-Thurgau, Blauer Portugieser
1600 ≤ H < 1700 Pinot blanc, Grauer Burgunder,
Aligoté, Gamay noir, Gewürztraminer
1700 ≤ H < 1800 Riesling, Chardonnay, Silvaner,
Sauvignon blanc, Pinot noir, Grüner
Veltliner
1800 ≤ H < 1900 Cabernet Franc
1900 ≤ H < 2000 Chenin blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon,
Merlot, Sémillon, Welschriesling
2000 ≤ H < 2100 Ugni blanc
2100 ≤ H < 2200 Grenache, Syrah, Cinsaut
2200 ≤ H < 2300 Carignan
2300 ≤ H < 2400 Aramon

43
Q

Ugni Blanc is also known as

A

Trebbiano

44
Q

Mean Temperature of Warmest Month

A

Smart and Dry (1980)

  • Uses mean January (Southern) or July (Northern) temperature (MJT)
  • Accounts for:
  • Continality
  • Humidity
  • Sunshine hours
  • Six bands
45
Q

Knoppens Classification

A

Applies to temperate zones.
* Maritime:
Low annual differences between summer and winter. Rainfall spread throughout. (Bordeaux)

  • Mediterranean:
    Low annual difference between summer and winter. Most rainfall in winter with dry summers (Napa Valley, Coonawarra).
  • Continental:
    Extreme differences between summer and winter. Short summers, cold winters temperatures rapidly change in spring and autumn (budbust ++ but shorter growing season).
Cool = < 16.5 C
Moderate = 16.5C = 18.5C
Warm = 18.5C - 21C
Hot = > 21C``
46
Q

Define continentality

A

Annual meat hottest - coldest month.

47
Q

What might make a region have high or low continentality

A

High - Inland regions (continental)

Low - Near bodies of water. (maritime/Mediterranean)

48
Q

Define weather

A

the annual variation relative to the climate average for that region..

49
Q

Main effects of climate change

A

Rise in temperatures

  • Vine cycle faster
  • Budburst earlier
  • Sugar accumulation and acidity reduction faster (this does not speed up aroma + tannin accumulation)
  • Drier conditions - Increased evapotranspiration + higher rainfall.
  • Extreme weather
  • Characteristics of grape varietals that depend on temperature may change or disappear (Northern Rhone - Moderate climate - peppery Syrah)
50
Q

How to mitigate climate change in the vineyard

A
  • Site selection
  • Planting material
  • Vineyard management
  • Sustainability

WSET D1 - Wine Production 2019 (4 decks)

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