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Geography > The Water Cycle and Water Insecurity > Flashcards

The Water Cycle and Water Insecurity Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Name the 6 water stores

A 
Ocean
Cryosphere
Ground water
Surface water
Soil moisture
Atmospheric
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2
Q

Name 3 ocean properties

A

It is the largest water store (96%)
It’s saline
It has a residence time of 3600years

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3
Q

Name 3 cryosphere properties

A

It makes up 2% of the worlds water
It is 70% freshwater
It has a residence time of up to 15000 years

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4
Q

Name 3 Ground water properties

A

It make up 1%o of the worlds water
it is 30% fresh water
It has a residence time of 10000 years

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5
Q

Name 3 properties of surface water

A

it makes up 0.01% of the worlds water
It is the most used water store
Has a residence time of 2 weeks
It has 1.2 % freshwater

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6
Q

Name 3 properties of soil moisture

A

It makes up 0.01% of the worlds water
Itis 0.05% fresh
It has a residence time of 2-50 weeks

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7
Q

Name 3 properties of atmospheric water

A

It makes up 0.001% of the worlds water
It is 0.04% fresh
It has a residence time of 10 days

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8
Q

What is the distribution of the world’s freshwater

A

70% stored in glaciers and ice caps
30% stored in Ground water
1% stored in surface water

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9
Q

Define Fluxes

A

The rate of flow between the stores

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10
Q

Define groundwater flow

A

The slow transfer of percolated water underground through pervious or porous rocks

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11
Q

Define percolation

A

Gravity causes water to seep through hard rock

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12
Q

Define base flow

A

the flow of ground water into river channels

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13
Q

Define river discharge

A

the volume of water passing a certain point over time

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14
Q

Describe in 3 stages how rain is formed

A

1) air cooled to saturation point with a relative humidity of 100%
2) condensation of nuclei e.g. dust particles condenses vapour upon contact making droplets
3) A temp below dew point

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15
Q

Name the 6 factors which affect the drainage basin

A 
The amount of rain
The intensity of the rain
The type of precipitation
The seasonality of rain
The distribution of precipitaion
The variability of weather
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16
Q

Define secular variability

A

Long term change e.g. climate change

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17
Q

Define periodic variability

A

Annual or monthly change

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18
Q

Define stochastic variability

A

Random e.g. Thunder storm

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19
Q

Describe convectional rainfall

A 
Hot land
Hot air rises
Hot air cools as it rises
It condenses
Forms rain
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20
Q

Describe cyclonic rainfall

A

Warm air rises over cool air
Warm air cools
it condenses
Forms clouds which release rain

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21
Q

Describe orographic rainfall

A

Air is forced over a barrier e.g. mountain
Air cools
Air condenses adiabatically
Rain forms

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22
Q

How do longer periods of rainfall affect infiltration rates

A

Lesser rates of infiltration

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23
Q

How does more antecedent rain affect infiltration rates

Study These Flashcards
A

Lesser rate of infiltration

24
Q

How does porous soil affect the rate of infiltration

Study These Flashcards
A

Quicker rate of infiltration rate

25
Name 5 physical factors effecting the drainage basin
``` Climate Vegetation Relief Soils Geology ```
26
Name 5 human factors effecting the drainage basin
``` Water management Urbanisation Climate Change Deforestation Afforestation ```
27
What is a drainage basin water budget?
Inputs should equal inputs: | Precipitation=discharge+evapotranspiration +or- changes in storage
28
What is river regime
A river regime is the annual variation in discharge or flow of a river at a particular point.
29
Name 6 influences on the river regime
``` Amount/type of vegetation Geology Temps. Amount/density of precipitation Human activities e.g. water management Size of a river ```
30
What is a storm hydrograph
It shows the variation of discharge over a short period of time Records change in discharge in response to input of discharge
31
Describe a flashy hydrograph
Steep rising limb Short lag time High peak
32
Describe the conditions for a flashy hydrograph to occur
``` Impermeable Less porous Steep Straight river Saturated Bare/urbanised ```
33
Describe a flat hydrograph
Long lag time Low peak Gentle rising limb
34
Describe the conditions for a flat hydrograph
``` Permeable more porous Flat ground Several tributaries Dry Vegetated ```
35
Define water stress
When each person has less than 1700m^3 of water
36
Define water scarcity
When each person has less than 1000m^3 of water
37
Name the 4 reasons for the growing demand for water
Population increase Energy production Irrigation of crops Improved quality of life
38
What will the increase in population be by 2030?
increase of 3 billion
39
What proportional of the worlds water is available for consumption
2.5%
40
What is the proportion of the world that lacks sanitation
2.5%
41
What is the proportion of the world that lacks safe water
15%
42
How many people in the world lack safe water
1 billion
43
How many people lack sanitation
2.3 billion
44
Describe the proportions of 3 water stores contamination in China
25% coastal zones 75% of lakes 1/3 of rivers
45
Name 3 facts about China's water pollution
300 million use polluted water 190 million suffer annually from water related diseases In the Guandong province, 80% die from cancer due to mining polluting the Hengshi Rivern
46
What is irrigation
Irrigation is when water applied at controlled intervels to plants when needed
47
What is grey water
Bath or sink water which can be recycled and used forother purposes e.g toilet water of watering plants
48
What is MDG
Millennium Development Goals created in 2000 by the UN for 2015 which aimed to provide reliable safe water for the worlds population
49
To what extent does lack of sanitation contribute to the global "disease burden"
10%
50
Name 3 hard engineering solutions
Water transfer Mega Dams Desalination
51
Name 3 sustainable water management solutions
``` Rain water harvesting Laws on pollution Hydroponics (soil free crops) Filtration technology Water metres Recycling Grey Water Sprinkler ban ```
52
Describe the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Water Convention
aims to protect and ensure the quantity, quality and sustainable use of transboundary water resources by facilitating cooperation. It provides an intergovernmental platform for the day-to-day development and advancement of transboundary cooperation.
53
Describe the Helsinki Rules
The Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers is an international guideline regulating how rivers and their connected groundwaters that cross national boundaries may be used
54
Name 4 areas where water security is a concern
Colorado River: the US uses 90% of water before it reaches Mexico Nile: Dispute between 11 countries, Egypt has majority of use Tigris and Euphrates: Iraq and Syria threatened by Turkey's GAP project The Areal Sea:Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakstan all in confliect, they are the three biggest users of water
55
What is virtual water
Water transferred by trading in crops and services that require large amounts of water for their production. By importing tonnes of wheat from water rich area, a water stressed area can save 1000m^3 of water
56
describe the distribution of water users compared to water output
66% of the global population live in areas where 25% of the worlds rain is distributed

Geography (8 decks)

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