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Theme 1 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

who ruled Russia before 1917 revolution

A

Tsar Nicholas II

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2
Q

when did the Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional gov

A

Oct 1917

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3
Q

What was Sovnarkom

A

essentially new Russian cabinet made up of 13 People’s Commissars

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4
Q

what decrees did Lenin pass in his first few months

A

Decree on Lan Oct 1917- gave peasants the right to seize land from nobility and Church
Decree of Peace Oct 1917- committed gov from withdrawing from WW1
Workers’ decree Nov 1917 est minimum wage and 8 day working hours
Decree of Workers’ Control Apr 1918- allowed workers to elect committees to run factories

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5
Q

who were the Bolsheviks main rivals

A

Mensheviks and Socialist revolutionaries

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6
Q

What was the Constituent Assembly and when was it

A

Jan 1918
Lenin refused to recognise the results of an election in Nov 1917, created a Constituent Assembly with minority of Bolsheviks Lenin demanded new elections but these were postponed s
due to the Civil War

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7
Q

what Treaty did Lenin sign that caused them to lose the election of April/MAy 1918

A

Treaty of Brestlitovsk

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8
Q

When was the Russian Civil War

A

1918-21

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9
Q

who did the Civil War involve

A

Communist Reds and reactionary whites
however was more complicated than this as Bolsheviks had enemies on both sides

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10
Q

what happened to the nature of the gov during the civil war

A

became more centralised, CP became increasingly powerful
relied on working through nomenklatura rather than democratic soviets

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11
Q

What was the Politburo

A

small group of Lenin most loyal supporters

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12
Q

what was the nomenklatura

A

Party members who senior officials trusted to implement gov policy without question

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13
Q

by 1921 the new gov was based on two structures what were they

A

Cp and soviet state
the soviets were made up of working people but this was replaced by the nomenklatura who were mainly middle class citizens, they were needed for administrative and technical expertise

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14
Q

When was the Cheka established

A

Dec 1917

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15
Q

What is an example of popular unrest that emerged in 1921

A

Kronstadt uprising, demanded return to Soviet democracy
Tambov uprising, 100,000 people deported to labour camps

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16
Q

From Feb 1921 what did Lenin order the Cheka to do

A

destroy all opposition parties

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17
Q

What happen at the 1921 Party Congress

A

NEP was passed
‘On Party Units banning factions like the Workers’ Opposition

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18
Q

when was the Soviet Union created

A

1922

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19
Q

During the Civil War the Politburo replaced what as the effective gov of Russia

A

Sovnarkom

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20
Q

who were Stalin’s rivals for power in 1923

A

Zinoviev, Bukharin, Trotsky

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21
Q

who was Zinoviev

A

emerged as front runner 1923
Lenin’s closest friend and supporter since movement in 1903
led Triumvirate (alliance between Kamenev, himself and Stalin, helped keep Trotsky out of power)
convinced Central Committee to ignore Lenin’s instructions to sack Stalin in testament
created effective political strategy that denounced Trotsky

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22
Q

who was Bukharin

A

joined Bolsheviks in 1906
had an alliance with Stalin
enlisted with role of editorship of Pravda
considered too young and too inexperienced
clashed with Lenin on multiple occasions

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23
Q

Who was Trotsky

Study These Flashcards
A

between 1903 and 1917 opposed Lenin
had disagreements with Lenin
unpopular in CP for not being a true Leninist
remained in Politburo until 1927, had no influence on decision making

24
Q

When as the Lenin Enrolment introduced and what did it do

Study These Flashcards
A

may 1924
allowed 128,000 people to join the CP

25
what position did Stalin have that allowed him to investigate Party members and sack them if necessary
Central Control Commission
26
When wa the Great Terror at its height
1935-38
27
How many Soviet citizens died during the Great Terror
10 million
28
When was the Congress of Victors and what happened
Feb 1934- Stalin came second to Kirov in a vote which elected the new central committee
29
when was Kirov murdered
Dec 1934
30
when were the show trails and what were their names
trial of the 16 1936- led to execution of Kamenev, Zinoviev Trial of the 17 1937- led to execution and imprisonment of Trotsky's supporters Trial of the 21 1938- led to execution of Bukharin and his close supporters
31
what other show trial did Stalin organise in secret and when was it
trial of Red army leaders 1937
32
what were the consequences of the Great Terror
eliminated rivals removed anyone who could claim authority led to emergence of new generation of Party members who owed positions to Stalin established the principle that Stalin had the right to use terror against anyone who was disloyal NKVD became a powerful regime
33
what was the relationship between Party and state when Stalin inherited it
undefined, which S used to his advantage
34
when did Stalin become Chair of Sovnarkom
1941- to create better coordination of party and state during the war
35
what did Stalin do during the war to promote a more effective gov
ended mass terror allowed state power to grow, State Ministers rather than Party members made decisions Politburo coordinated state activity as ell as Party activity created GKO for economic coordination and military production`
36
how did Stalin use the relationship between Party and state to his advantage
appointing rival personnel to key positions shifts power between party and state constantly it distracted from
37
when was the Leningrad Affair and what was it
1949 a purge against the Leningrad Party 100 officials shot
38
Who was Molotov and what did Stalin do to test his loyalty
member of Politburo since 1926 expelled Molotov's wife from the Party and then imprisoned Molotov made no effort to prevent the arrest
39
who are the contenders for power after Stalin
Malenkov, Beria, Khrushchev
40
How did Beria reform the MVD
march 1953 he introduced an amnesty for political prisoners serving short sentences, this was extended to counter-revolutionaries in April Party commission was set up to reform communists who had been executed due to forced confessions MVD lost a lot of its economic power
41
How did Beria reform the republics
June 1953 he introduced a measure that required all senior Party officials to speak the language of the republic they worked in he ordered that all official publications should be available in the language of the republics
42
What percentage of the Central Committee did K replace
44%
43
what did K anti-bureaucracy campaign entail
wanted to weaken the state proposed cutting the bureaucracy by devolving power from the Soviet gov to republican Govs
44
what are some tactics of de salinisation used by K
'humanise communism' improve standard of living end terror annula stalin prizes cancelled no official celebrations of Stalins brithday rejection of personality cult
45
when and what was the Secret Speech
27th Party Congress 1956 profound critique of Stalins rule claimed Stalin robbed Party of leading role by putting himself above it revealed sale of terror quoted criticism of Stalin in Lenin's testament no criticism of economic policies copy was leaked to the West not published in SU until 1989
46
what are the problems with de-stalinisation
CP in Hungary and Poland began own process of de-stalinisation encouraged Revolution in which they elected new prime ministers made people question the legitimacy of the regime
47
when did de-stalinisation come to a halt and why
1957, Stalinists in the party argued that it had destabilised the gov and blamed K for reforming too quickly
48
what are examples of democratisation and decentralisation under K
allowed expansion of Party membership from 6.9 mil to 11 mil between 1954 and 1964 introduced field terms for Senior Communists abolished some central ministries to devolve power
49
what was the Anti-Party group and when did was it made
1957 vote to replace K it demonstrated senior Communists would no longer use political terror against each other recognised power of the Party leader depended on the support of the Central Committee
50
what are some of K final reforms
restart the process of de-stalinisation introduced fixed terms for all roles on the party spilt party in two, one for agriculture and one for industry this created discontent within the party
51
how did political organisation change under Brezhnev and Kosygin
ensured two top jobs in the Party are never occupied by the same person divided key posts in the Party relatively equally ensured Party officials kept their roles for Long periods of time to avoid patronage
52
what was stability of cadres
discouraged promotions or demotions in gov
53
how did the party change under Brezhnev
re established all the ministries that K had abolished ended the split between agriculture and industry Article 6 1977officially recognised the Party's leading role in the Soviet society and superiority over the stat
54
what is an example of gerontocracy in B gov
between 1964-71 only two people were promoted ti the Politburo
55
what were the problems with B gov
created general gap between gov and citizens officials became increasingly ill limited opportunities for promotion led to increased corruption no incentives to work
56
what were some of Andropov's reforms
abandoned stability of cadres introduced small scale economic reforms media exposes of corrupt officials prosecuted Red Army general and attacked many senior figures
57
what are some of Chernenkos reforms
unable to perform much a role as leader at 72 years old

Russia (5 decks)

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