Theme 1 module 1

Question 1

How many cells human body have?

Answer 1

10 trillion

Question 2

define eukaryotic

Answer 2

Cells that have nucleus that contain most of the genetic materials

Question 3

Give a simple defenation of Porokaryotic cells

Answer 3

Cells that do not contain true nucleus

Question 4

How many times there are bacterial cells in human body compare to our own cells?

Answer 4

10 Times

Question 5

How many percentage of our body mass is bacterial cells?

Answer 5

2-3%

Question 6

Define the term Microbiome

Answer 6

The population of microbiotic organism within our body

Question 7

Define microorganism

Answer 7

Organism that are not visible to eye but only visible under microscope

Question 8

The microbiome includes prokaryotic bacteria and fill the blank cells

Answer 8

small eukarytic

Question 9

How many dicticntic species of microbes live on and in human body?

Answer 9

About 10,000

Question 10

Define the function of Streptococcus Salivarius

Answer 10

Streptococcus Salivarius
Normal inhabitant of upper respiratory tract and oral cavity that contirbute to formation of dental plaque
First microbe to colonize germ-free newborn oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract

Question 11

Define the function of Staphylococcus Hamolyticus

Answer 11

Staphylococcus Haemolyticus
Reside on skin
If its stay there is harmless but if it get in body it can become pathogenic

Question 12

Define the function of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron

Answer 12

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
Is predominant intestinal bacteria
Makes enzyme that are useful for breakdown of plant materials that we ingest like oat fibre

Question 13

All cells are surrounded by ______ that contain phospholipids

Answer 13

Membrane

Question 14

What is cells?

Answer 14

Cell is membrane bound structure contain macromolecules

Question 15

Define 4 class of macromolecules

Answer 15

Proteins, nucleic acids, phospholipids and carbohydrate (polysaccrides)

Question 16

What is the most important ability of a cell?

Answer 16

Seprate its internal environment from external surroundings

Question 17

Cell membrane is made up of ______ macromolucules

Answer 17

Lipid

Question 18

Lipid bilayer have _____ central and ______ head

Answer 18

Water hating (hydrophobic) and water loving (hydrophilic)

Question 19

Cell membrane are thin or thick?

Answer 19

Thin

Question 20

What is the main componetet of cell membrane?

Answer 20

Phospholipids

Question 21

Explain the stuructire of phospholipids?

Answer 21

2 Fatty acids tail, glycerol, phospahte

Question 22

Define amphipathic

Answer 22

Having two properties like phospholipidis that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Question 23

How many hydrocarbon is in each phospholipids tail?

Answer 23

16-18 carbons in single chain

Question 24

Why having lipid micelles is imporant and how they form?

Answer 24

they form spontaneously without use of any energy and they are very useful for absorbation of fat soluable vitamin and complex in human body

Question 25

Are phopspholipds stationary?

Answer 25

no, they can move laterally, but they cant flip without use of great deal of enegry

Question 26

what are the factors affecting the membrane fluidity

Answer 26

Factor 1) The number of carbons in a hydrocarbon chain varies: typically, there are 16 or 18 carbons. The longer chains pack together more tightly than the shorter chains, reducing the fluidity of the membrane. Factor 2) Double bonds within a hydrocarbon tail produce kinks or bends in the chain. This has the effect of pushing neighbouring phospholipids further apart and increasing fluidity. In this figure, we can see an example of how unsaturated fatty acid tails can lead to "kinks" in hydrophobic tails that affect overall permeability. Factor 3) External environmental factors such as temperature can also influence membrane permeability. Higher temperatures promote fluidity, while lower temperatures decrease fluidity. Interestingly, cold-adapted organisms tend to have more UNSATURATED phospholipids in their membranes that help to maintain fluidity. Factor 4) Steroids such as cholesterol are found in the membranes of every cell in our body, making up about 50% of the molecules found in the bilipid membranes. A bilipid membrane containing just phospholipids is actually TOO fluid. Cholesterol molecules constrain fluidity of the membrane by packing closely to neighbouring phospholipids. At low temperatures, phospholipid bilayers behave like many other fats; they begin to solidify. At these lower temperatures, cholesterol helps to maintain fluidity by keeping the phospholipids apart from one another

Question 26

what is term for region with lower fluidity?

Answer 26

lipid raft and it can sequester or hold macromolecules together in the membrane

Question 27

What factors contribute to this variation in fluidity?

Answer 27

region of the lipid raft is taller, this is due to the longer phospholipid hydrocarbon tails. The phospholipid tails are straight rather than kinked because they are saturated. This allows the phospholipids to pack together lowering the fluidity making it possible to hold the macromolecules in the raft. A higher concentration of cholesterol decreases fluidity within the microdomain of the lipid raft

Question 27

Define selective permeable

Answer 27

ability of cell membranes to control the traffic of substances into and out of the cell

Question 28

What are the things that can pass through processes of Diffusion

Answer 28

Small molecules and ions can cross the membrane along a concentration gradient (that is, from areas of high to low concentration) through the process of diffusion

Question 29

What molecules can pass through phospholipid bilayer pretty quickly?

Answer 29

small and non-polar molecules or hydrophobic molecules can pass through the phospholipid bilayers relatively quickly

Question 30

What substances have great diffuctily passing across lipid bilayer?

Answer 30

CHARGED and LARGER POLAR substances have great difficulty in moving across the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane

Question 31

We know that cell membranes are not exclusively made off of macromolecules so tell me what else they are actually made of?

Answer 31

They are actually are mosaic of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. Cell membrane always contain protein, and most also contain carbohydrates that can attach to lipids or protein.

Question 32

What the type of transport in cells? there is two

Answer 32

Passive (direction of gradient) and Active (Agianst conc gradient)

Question 33

What is simple diffusion?

Answer 33

involves the movement of small molecules in the direction of a concentration gradient. The process involves the molecule coming in contact with and crossing the phospholipid bilayer

Question 34

What is Passive transport?

Answer 34

also the movement of small molecules with the concentration gradient but involves proteins embedded in the cell membrane and does not require energy

Question 35

What is active transport

Answer 35

this is the movement of molecules against a concentration gradient. It involves proteins embedded in the cell membrane which require energy from adenosine triphosphate or ATP to drive transport

Question 36

What are the things that use passive transport?

Answer 36

lipid-soluble molecules, gases, uncharged polar molecules and even some water across the cell

Question 37

What does the movement of water across membrane called?

Answer 37

is a type of passive transport called osmosis

Question 38

Water is able to move across the membrane much faster through ______ at what rate faster?

Answer 38

aquaporin, 10 times the rate that water takes to move directly through the phospholipid bilayer and there is no use of energy

Question 39

What is isotonic environment?

Answer 39

a cell is in an environment or has an extracellular fluid concentration with the same osmolarity as its interior. In this situation, there is no net movement of water, and the cell can retain its cell shape and optimal cellular activities

Question 40

What is hypotonic environment?

Answer 40

extracellular fluid that has a lower solute concentration than the inside of the cell, and there is a net movement of water down its concentration gradient. This results in excessive movement of water into the cell and leads to cell "swelling" or even bursting

Question 41

What is hypertonic environment?

Answer 41

that is an environment with a higher solute concentration on the exterior of the cell relative to the interior of the cell can lead to the net loss of water from the cell interior towards the exterior environment

Question 42

Explain PRIMARY active transport?

Answer 42

transmembrane transport protein is directly affected by the energy released from ATP hydrolysis and thus undergoes a conformational change to "pump" the substance across the membrane against a concentration gradient which is generally provided by the hydrolysis of ATP molecules on the intracellular side of the cell