Theme 1 module 2

Question 1

What is typical structure of chloroplast?

chloroplast has a double membrane around its
exterior and an interior that is filled with hundreds
of flattened and stacked membranes called_____ and stacks are organized
into piles called _____. It is within these
membranes, that pigments and enzymes
participate in photosynthesis

Answer 1

thylakoids and grana

Question 2

How many mitochondria is present in a cell?

Answer 2

depending on the
type of cell, we have between 50 to over a million
mitochondria present in a cell

Question 3

How many membranes mitochondria have?

Answer 3

Two

Question 4

What is the name of inner membrane of mitochondria?

Answer 4

inner membrane is connected
to a series of sac-like structures called cristae

Question 5

Who proposed that the theory that eukaryotic cells originated as communities of interacting entities that are joined together

Answer 5

In 1981, Dr. Lynn Margulis

Question 6

Does both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain
their own circular genomes?

Answer 6

YES and ITS VERY IMPORTANT TO KNOW

Question 7

chloroplast contains all the_____ necessary
for photosynthesis

Answer 7

enzymes

Question 8

What are the reactant of photosynthesis and products?

Answer 8

presence of sunlight,
carbon dioxide and water, the primary chemical
energy source that is produced are
carbohydrates such as glucose. Oxygen is also
produced as a by-product

Question 9

In photosynthesis light energy Is transferred in form of what?

Answer 9

light energy is
transformed into chemical energy in the form of
ATP and NADPH

Question 10

ATP and NADPH enters the Calvin Cycle to do what?

Answer 10

NADPH and
ATP are used to drive the reduction of
atmospheric carbon dioxide into carbohydrates

Question 11

the light reactions and the
Calvin cycle to produce not only sugar, but also
the major source of ____

Answer 11

oxygen

Question 12

carbohydrates are formed by the polymerization
of monosaccharides through ______ bonds to
form complex sugars

Answer 12

glycosidic

Question 13

Name all three monosaccrdies?

Answer 13

glucose, fructose and
galactose

Question 14

Name three disaccrides

Answer 14

lactose, sucrose, maltose

Question 15

Special proteins called enzymes are able to catalyze (or speed up) the condensation reaction between specific ____ groups of certain monosaccharides to produce disaccharides
Usually, the reaction occurs between
the OH group on carbon 1 of one molecule and
carbon __ of another monosaccharide to give
either the alpha1-4 glycosidic linkage or beta1-4 glycosidic linkage

Answer 15

hydroxyl, 4

Question 16

Polysaccharides are the structures that form
when many_______ are linked together

Answer 16

monosaccharides

Question 17

_____ is the storage
polysaccharide that is found in all photosynthetic
plants and is made up of alpha1-4 glycosidic linkages between alpha-glucose monomers

Answer 17

Starch,

Question 18

The two types of starch include two types of
polysaccharides

Answer 18

unbranched amylose and
branched amylopectin

These differences in
structure vary only based on the interactions
between neighboring carbon atoms of each
glucose monomer, in amylopectin the branches
form by glycosidic linkages between the carbon 1
of one glucose molecule and carbon 6 of another.
It is often these starches that we consume and
use as energy in our own bodies. When
starches are consumed, we store the digested
carbohydrates as highly branched glycogen
polysaccharide helices

Question 19

During cellular respiration,
sugar molecules are processed through (How many steps?) that result in the synthesis of ATP

Answer 19

4

Question 20

given cell only contains enough ATP to fuel about__ seconds to a minute of cellular activity

Answer 20

30

Question 21

During the first step of glucose processing,_______ results in the production of 2 molecules of a 3-carbon compound called _____ for each molecule of glucose. Glycolysis occurs in the ____ of the cell and leads to the production of 2
molecules of ATP and 2____ molecules that
act as electron donors

Answer 21

glycolysis, pyruvate, cytosol, NADH

Question 22

Following glycolysis,
pyruvate is processed to form a compound called _____, which is now free to enter into the
mitochondrial matrix of the mitochondria, while
also producing carbon dioxide and NADH

Answer 22

acetyl CoA

Question 23

Once in the mitochondrial matrix, the acetyl CoA is
further processed in the Krebs cycle, producing
ATP, carbon dioxide and additional electron
donors in the form of____ and_____

Answer 23

NADH, FADH2

Question 24

What are 4 steps of Cellular respiration?

Answer 24

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 25

first 3 steps of glucose processing, it appears that there is not a whole lot of ____ synthesized

Answer 25

ATP

Question 26

electron donors are used in the electron transport chain present in the inner mitochondrial membranes or cristae, to produce another__ molecules of ATP

Answer 26

32

Question 27

As a result, for every glucose molecule that we process in our cells, we produce __ theoretical ATP, with negligible amounts coming from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle and most ATP forming when the electron donors NADH and FADH2 move through the protein complexes of the electron transport chain residing in the extensive inner mitochondrial membranes

Answer 27

36,

Question 28

Carbohydrates are not the only source of energy that can be used to make ATP. ____ and____ that are consumed as part of our diet can also be converted to components that enter into the cellular respiration pathway and lead to the production of ATP

Answer 28

Proteins and lipids

Question 29

In which order macormolcules can contribute to ATP?

Answer 29

carbohydrates are metabolized first, followed by fats and then proteins

Question 30

What is the structure of ATP?

Answer 30

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) consists of 3 phosphate groups attached to a ribose sugar and an adenine. The 3 phosphate groups have 4 negative charges in close proximity, so these negatively charged phosphate groups repel each other giving the electrons of the phosphate groups a very high potential energy and are the source of the potential energy in this molecule

Question 31

Where can be potenial energy of ATP be released and harnessed?

Answer 31

during a hydrolysis reaction, where ATP can react with water, breaking the bond between the outermost phosphate group and its neighbour, resulting in the formation of ADP and inorganic phosphate. The hydrolysis of ATP is a highly exergonic (release energy) reaction