Theme 12 Shiz

Question 1

Pons Pneumotaxic Center (PRG)

Answer 1

Maintains normal breathing pattern

fine tunes breathing rhythm in sleep speech and exercise

-Inhibits apneustic center

Question 2

Apneustic Center(Lower PRG)

Answer 2

Tonic facilitation of inspiration

Excites pre-Botzinger complex

Question 3

DRG

Answer 3

input from pulm. stretch receptors and output to VRG

Question 4

Caudal VRG

Answer 4

expiratory neurons

Question 5

Rostral VRG

Answer 5

inspiratory neurons

Question 6

Pre-Botzinger Complex

Answer 6

inspiratory neurons

Question 7

Hypothalamic breathing

Answer 7

signals VRG

Pain and emotional breathing rate

Question 8

Cortical breathing

Answer 8

bypasses medulla

Voluntary breathing

Question 9

Lesion in forebrain breathing

Answer 9

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration

Question 10

Lesion in midbrain breathing

Answer 10

Hyperventilation

Question 11

Lesions pons breathing

Answer 11

Apneusis(inspiratory cramps)

Question 12

Lesion in lower pons/upper medulla breathing

Answer 12

Ataxic respiration

Question 13

What resets the circadian clock

Answer 13

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Question 14

What amino acid shows sleep pressure

Answer 14

Adenosine

Question 15

What turns off the arousal system aka Sleep Center

Answer 15

Ventral Preoptic region(VLPO)
in the anterior hypothalamus

Controlled by GABA

Question 16

Key regions of wakefulness?

Answer 16

Midbrain
ARAS
Hypothalamus
Basal Forebrain

Question 17

Cholinergic system

Answer 17

Projects directly to the thalamus

Question 18

Monoaminergic system

Answer 18

Projects directly to the cortex

Question 19

Brain Activity of conscious perception

Answer 19

Thalamocortical oscillation 30-70Hz (gamma bands)

Question 20

Major cholinergic nuclei in the Ras

Answer 20

1. Pedunculopontine nuclues
2. Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus

they project to the Thalamus and Basal forebrain to Cortex

Question 21

Vegetative State

Answer 21

Develops after coma
Loss of ability to think speak and respond

Autonomic and breathing intact

Normal Sleep Patern

Ex: bilateral middle cerebral infarct

Question 22

Locked in Syndrome

Answer 22

Due to basilar artery blockage(pons infarction)

Paralysis of all voluntary muscles except vertical eye movement

Fully aware of environment

EEG Normal

Question 23

Brain Death

Answer 23

Irreversible loss of all brain functions

Question 24

Glasgow Coma Scale

Answer 24

8 is critical score
9-11 moderate
12-15 minor

Question 25

Diencephalic damage eyes

Answer 25

small

Question 26

CNIII uncal damage eyes

Answer 26

Dilated on side of uncal herniation

Question 27

Midbrain damage eyes

Answer 27

midpostion

Question 28

Encephalophy, drugs effect eyes

Answer 28

small

Question 29

Pretectal damage eyes

Answer 29

large

Question 30

Pons damage eyes

Answer 30

pinpoint

Question 31

Hypocretin

Answer 31

deficiency in Narcolepsy (spinal tap needed to test) Hypothalamic neuropeptide Deficiency may be autoimmune-related

Question 32

How to different OSA and CSA

Answer 32

OSA(obstructive sleep apnea)- PSG will show thoracic effort CSA(Central sleep apnea)-no thoracic effort occurs

Question 33

Difference between Restless legs and Periodic legs Syndrome?

Answer 33

Restless legs patient is fully aware of movements Periodic Limb Movements patient is unaware of movements

Question 34

Rats brain sex differences

Answer 34

SDN(Sexaul Dimorphic Nuclues) 4X larger in males

Question 35

Brain difference in sexs people

Answer 35

INAH3( Interstitial Nuclei of the Anterior Hypothalamus )2x larger volume, neuronal number and size in males (maker of sexaul orientation) Bed Nucleus Stria Terminalis larger in males (BNST + IANH-3 marker for gender identity) Most regions of female brain have higher gray matter density Female suprachiasmatic Nuclei elongated Male spherical suprachiasmatic Nuclei

Question 36

Androgen insensitive cause cause

Answer 36

mutation in gene that produces androgen receptors Potential cause for female identity in males

Question 37

Effect of early estrogen (Diethylstilbestrol) on females

Answer 37

Higher rate of homosexaulity and bisexuality compared to control larger SDN Blunted LH secretion

Question 38

Test to differentiate psychiatric vs organic basis for erectile problems?

Answer 38

Snap Gauge Test

Question 39

Etiology of Paraphilias

Answer 39

Testerone level Frontal Lobe dysfunction and serotonin dysregulation Classical conditioning

Question 40

Bulimia Etiology

Answer 40

Low Serotonin, poor impulse control

Question 41

What inhibits body movement during REM

Answer 41

Gycineric Ventromedial medulla neurons, release GABA and Glycine to inhibit muscle contraction

Question 42

DMH

Answer 42

Dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei, integrates: feeding,temperature and light cues from SPZ( subparaventricular zone) and SCN( suprachiasmatic nucleus)