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Bio 371 > Theme 2 Classification Of Land Plants > Flashcards

Theme 2 Classification Of Land Plants Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What are the defining characteristic of land plants

A

Eukaryotes
Almost all photoautotroph
Multicellular
Sessile
Cell walls
Alternation of generation
Embryo (sporophyte) kept in gametophyte tissue

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2
Q

What does heterotrophic mean

A

Having no chlorophyll (not photosynthetic)

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3
Q

How do heterotroph plants get atp

A

They get a organic carbon source from other plants

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4
Q

What significant features do plant cells have

A

Primary cell wall which surrounds plasma membrane and organelles

Plant walls Have cellulose (pure glucose) fibres mixed in with hemicellulose

Cella are rigid but flexible (can expand)

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5
Q

Some plant cells have ___ cell wall

Do all have this?

A

Secondary

No all have primary some have secondary

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6
Q

What type of cells have secondary cell walls

A

Xylem and sclerenchyma cells

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7
Q

What is diff about the secondary cell wall

A

The cellulose fibres are now anchored with lignin.

Lignin make it stronger and more rigid and makes waterproof barrier

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8
Q

What provides the rigidity of a cell

A

The turgor pressure of the vacuole pushing against the cell wall

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9
Q

What is hypertonic what is the effect

A

Less water on outside of cell than inside so water shift outside to balance.

Cell becomes plazmolyzed (no moisture all water leaked out)

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10
Q

What is isotonic what is the effect

A

Same amount water on outside than inside of cell, equilibrium.

Means cell is flaccid (plants droop and need to be watered)

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11
Q

What is hypotonic what is the effect

A

More water on outside of cell than in

So water shift inside cell to balance

Cell become turgid and rigid due to turgor pressure

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12
Q

What does alternation of generation mean for plants

A

Plants alternate from haploid (gametophyte) to diploid (sporophyte) generation in their single life cycle

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13
Q

What is the gametophyte

A

The multicellular stage of the haploid generation of plants

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14
Q

What happens to the embryo (seed) during fertilization

A

It retained on the female gametophyte because it can’t survive yet

It germinates on the mother

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15
Q

What is the ploidy of a
sporophyte
Gametophyte
Spores
Gametes
Zygotes
Offsprings

A

2n
n
n
n
2n
2n

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16
Q

What is the life cycle of a plant

A

The sporophyte creates spores through meiosis which then turn into the gametophyte through meiosis

Then gametes are formed and through fertilization become the zygotes then offspring

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17
Q

Is the sporophyte multicellular or unicellular

Spores?

A

Multicellular
Unicellular

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18
Q

How are land plants classified

A

Based on presence of

vasculature
seeds

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19
Q

What are vascular bundles

A

The circulatory system or network that addresses the plants water and nutrient needs

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20
Q

How much water is used by plants
What happens to the rest

A

10% used up
90% evaporated by vasculature

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21
Q

What four cells make up the vascular bundles

Study These Flashcards
A

Xylem
Phloem
Parenchyma (undifferentiated cell)
Fibre cells (schlerenchyma)

22
Q

What do schelerenchyma (fibre cells) do

Study These Flashcards
A

Provide ridged support to xylem and phloem

They provide thc

23
Q

What does xylem do

Study These Flashcards
A

Water conducting cells

24
Q

What do phloem cells do

Study These Flashcards
A

Transport sugars and other solutes

25
What is the greatest advantage of vasculature
Makes cells rigid, help them grow taller and taller More growth means more sunlight Allows for more photosynthesis
26
What nonvascular plant is closest to lycophytes
Hornworts
27
What is the order of evolution of plants
First nonvascular (mosses) Then seedless vascular ( ferns) Then vascular seeds (gymnosperms angiosperms) Or Bryophytes Pterophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms
28
What are characteristics of non vascular plants
Lack vasculature Haploid generation is dominant Bryophytes
29
What are characteristics of vascular seedless plants
Have vasculature no seed Diploid (sporophyte) Gen dom Lycophytes (selaginella) Pterophytes (fern)
30
What are characteristics of vascular seed plants
Have vasculature and make seeds Diploid (sporophyte) Gen dom Gymnosperms and angiosperms
31
Why is staying in diploid more favourable
More chance of survival and getting favourable mutations to evolve
32
What are characteristics of non vascular plants (bryophytes)
First on land No conducting tissues (vasculature) Small grow close to ground on wet sites Poikilohydric
33
What does poikilohydric mean
Have little control over internal water content Can’t restrict water loss If habitat dries out, organism dries out Drought tolerators
34
How to poiklohydric things stay alive in droughts of all drought tolerators
Osmotic adjustments and cell wall elasticity
35
What is a drought avoider
Highly evolved plants that change leaf orientation leaf area and stomata conductance To avoid drought
36
Are gymnosperms poikilohydric
No
37
What is the life cycle of a moss (bryophyte)
In the gametophyte stage, rhizoids (root like structures) keep them upright The diploid sporophyte realeases spores and then the spores become protonema with rhizoids (this is the amplification step) The protonema buds turn into male gametophyte with antheridium or femal with archegonium The antheridium shoots flagellated sperm (need water) to archegonium which has spent attractant Zygote it formed and is retained in archegonia and it turns into sporophyte
38
What is the sporangium in mosses
On top of the sporophyte it releases spores Contains gametangia It’s haploid and unicellular
39
What is the biggest disadvantage for bryophytes
Need water for reproduction because of flagellated sperm
40
When do bryophyte spores germinate
Only under favourable conditions, Wait for water
41
Why are mosses important
They cause less loss of nitrogen in the ecosystem
42
What are microphylls
They are little narrow leaves that branch off the main stem and have one strand of vasculature The represent modification of stems they’re only present in lycophytes
43
What are megaphylls
The evolved version of microphylls Broader leaves with multiple veins, present in all other vascular plants Not present in lycophytes
44
What characteristics to pterophyta (ferns) have
Most abundant seedless vasculature plants, have mega phyll Large Spores develop on underside of the fern leaves then into gametophytes (no protonema) Antheridia and archegonia develop on underside of the gametophytes. Have roots not rhizoids Can survive without moisture
45
What are antheridia and archegonia
Sperm cells Egg cells
46
Life cycle of a fern (Pterophyte)
Sporangia on underside of leave are released Spore germinates into gametophyte Free living gametophyte has both antheridium and archegonium (hermaphrodite) The antheridium burst when water and the sperm swim toward archegonium Fertilization makes zygote The sporophyte grows on the gametophyte
47
What is the prothallus in ferns Where is the archegonia and antheridium
Heart shaped gametophyte Anterior side where notch is (archegonia) Posterior (antheridia)
48
What is antheridiogen and what does it do
Shuts down the notch that has archegonia on other fern gametophytes Does this to get sperm from them and block from giving it to themselves Increases genetic diversity and less competition for sperm
49
What type of seeds do gymnosperms and Angiosperms have
Naked Covered
50
What are some characteristics about gymnosperms
Sporophyte phase dominant Seeds unprotected Makes reproductive structure that contain haploid spores Pollen grain make non motile sperm No water needed for pollen transfer
51
Bryophytes are what type of hydric
Poikilohydric

Bio 371 (8 decks)

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