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Biology 224 > Themes 1-13 > Flashcards

Themes 1-13 Flashcards

1
Q

What coordinates movement and prey capture?

A

Specialized sensory and nervous structures

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2
Q

How do Metazoa (all animals) communicate?

A

Through waves of ions

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3
Q

Sponges

A
  • do not have muscles, nervous, digestive or circulatory systems
  • rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and remove waste
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4
Q

Coelom

A

Cavities that surrounds our heart

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5
Q

True Coelom

A
  • Earthworms

- Body cavity is completely lined with mesoderm

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6
Q

Pseudocoelom

A
  • Nematode (false)

- Coelom is not completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm

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7
Q

Acoelomates

A
  • Flatworm
  • Lack of body cavity
  • Fluid-filled body cavity that protect internal organs or used as hydrostatic skeleton
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8
Q

Radiata

A
  • Jellyfish

- Radially symmetrical animals

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9
Q

Bilateria

A
  • Bilaterally symmetrical animals (divided along vertical plane)
  • Most successful
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10
Q

Animals Pipe-Plan

A
  • Mouth to anus (most successful)

- Passage of food through system

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11
Q

Tetrapoda

A
  • Lacking limbs

- Most commonly seen amongst vertabrates (land)

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12
Q

Insect Body Plan

A

-6 legs, 3 body parts and an exoskeleton

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13
Q

Cephalopod Body Plan

A

-No skeleton, hydrostatically stiffened tentacles, propulsion by squeezing water out of a mantle cavity

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14
Q

Echinoderms (starfish) Body Plan

A

-5 fold radial symmetry, external skeleton

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15
Q

Multicellularity

A

All animals

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16
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Animals that obtain their food by eating other organisms or their products

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17
Q

No Cell Walls

A

Plant, fungal and bacterial cells

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18
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Presence enables them to respond rapidly to environmental stimuli

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19
Q

Movement

A

Muscle system combined with nervous system

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20
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Small, mobile sperm uniting with a much larger egg to form a zygote

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21
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Proteins that bind together

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22
Q

Special clusters of Hox Genes

A

Function in patterning the body axis

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23
Q

Impermeable Junctions

A

Join the lateral edges of epithelial cells near their luminal borders

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24
Q

Tight Junctions and Tissue Permeability Allow:

A

Precise control over the substances that can pass through a particular tissue. The passage of material is regulated

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25
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Form tunnels that permit movement of charge- carrying ions and other small molecules between two adjacent cells. Also allows cells to exchange materials

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26
Q

Membrane Nanotubes

A

Long and thin tubes formed from the plasma membrane that connect different animal cells over long distances

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27
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Provides structural support

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28
Q

Two Types of body fluids

A

1) Plasma

2) Serum

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29
Q

Plasma Body Fluid

A

The extracellular liquid of blood

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30
Q

Serum Body Fluid

A

Plasma minus the clotting factor

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31
Q

Movement of Water in Plasma Membrane

A

-Moves readily between compartments (osmosis)

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32
Q

Hypo osmotic

A

More diluted (swell)

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33
Q

Hyperosmotic

A

More concentrated (Shrink)

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34
Q

Homeostasis

A

Constant

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35
Q

Homeostatic regulation is controlled by:

A

the release of hormones into the bloodstream

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36
Q

What glands release hormones into the bloodstream causing homeostatic regulation?

A
  • Pancreas
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary
  • Thyroid and Parathyroid
  • Adrenals
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37
Q

What are Hormones?

A

Chemical signals that secrete materials into the blood stream (glands that don’t have a duct). Produced by the endocrine glands

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38
Q

How can you maintain homeostasis in the body?

A

By controlling glucose

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39
Q

What do regulators maintain?

A

Parameters at a constant level over wide ambient environmental variations

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40
Q

What do conformers allow?

A

The environment to determine parameters

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41
Q

What do avoiders do?

A

Change their location in the environment

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42
Q

Advantage of homeostatic regulation

A

Allows an organism to function effectively in a broad range of environmental conditions

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43
Q

4 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

A

1) Set Point
2) Sensor or receptor
3) Integrator
4) Effector

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44
Q

Set Point

A

Normal value for controlled variable

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45
Q

Sensor or Receptor

A

Monitors the variable

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46
Q

Integrator

A

Compares signals from the sensor to the set point

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47
Q

Effector

A

Compensates for deviations between actual value and set point (generates heat)

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48
Q

What does the hypothalamus monitor?

A

The body temperature determine variation of normal body temperature

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49
Q

Feedback Mechanism

A

Modifies the activity of any organ of system back to its normal range of functioning.

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50
Q

2 Types of Feedback

A

1) Negative

2) Positive

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51
Q

Negative Feedback

A

After receiving the signal, change occurs to correct the deviation by depressing it. Prevents homeostatic response from overcompensating.

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52
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Accelerate or enhance the output created by a stimulus. Less frequent than negative feedback

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53
Q

Feedforward Regulation

A

Speeds up homeostatic response and minimizes deviations from the set point. Results from or are modified by learning

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54
Q

Indirect Cell Communication

A

Mediated by chemical ligands that bind to specific receptors

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55
Q

Growth Factors

A

Hormone-like molecules released into the interstitial space exerting specific biochemical action on target cells located at close sites

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56
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Signaling molecules produced by neurons that transmit signals across a synapse

57
Q

Neuron

A

Functional unit of the nervous system

58
Q

The information sent by neurons is very…

A

fast and the responses are short lived

59
Q

Neuromodulation

A

When neurotransmitter diffuse through large areas and regulate a diverse population of neurons of the central nervous system

60
Q

Pheromones

A

Chemical signals released into the environment, by glands, that travel through the air or water to sensory cells in another animal

61
Q

3 Signaling Molecules

A

1) Hydrophilic
2) Lipophilic
3) Gaseous

62
Q

Amines

A

Derived from tyrosine or tryptophan. Includes some of the neurotransmitters

63
Q

Noradrenalin

A

Norepinephrine

64
Q

Adrenalin

A

Epinephrine

65
Q

Steroids

A

Cholesterol derivatives from the gonads & adrenal cortex glands

66
Q

Retinoids

A

Derived from vitamin A

67
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Derivatives of fatty acids

68
Q

3 Inorganic gases found to be produced in animals as natural messangers

A

1) Nitric Oxide
2) Carbon Monoxide
3) Hydrogen Sulfide

69
Q

The response to a chemical messanger is determined by

A

The Receptor

70
Q

Messenger

A

Key that can fit in variety of locks (receptor)

71
Q

Seven Transmembrane Receptors (G proteins)

A
  • Cross the cell membrane 7 times

- Associated with a group of regulatory G-proteins

72
Q

What does the steroid hormone receptor complex act as?

A

A transcriptional activator to regulate gene activity

73
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

A network of specialized cells that coordinate functions and transmit signals between different organs

74
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Composed of the brain and spinal cord in vertebrates

75
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

All neurons and projections of their plasma membranes that are outside of the CNS

76
Q

Composition of the CNS

A

Grey matter is the major component consisting of:
-Neuronal cell bodies, axon and dendrites
-Glial Cells
-Capillaries
White matter mostly contains:
-Myelinated axon tracts

77
Q

What do Neurons do?

A

Generate, send and receive information through electrical and chemical signals

78
Q

Electrical signals are transmitted in the form of what?

A

Action Potentials

79
Q

Neuron Structure

A

Cell body:
-Contains nucleus and organelles
Dendrites and Axons:
-Are extensions of plasma membrane

80
Q

3 Main types of neurons

A

1) Interneurons
2) Motor Neurons
3) Sensory Neurons

81
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Quick and automatic response

82
Q

What kind of signals do neurons use to communicate with other neurons, muscles or glands?

A

Electrical

83
Q

What does the plasma membrane act as in which separates charges?

A

A barrier- It separates charge by keeping different ions largely inside or outside the cell

84
Q

Synapses

A

Junction where the nerve terminal meets a neuron, muscle cell or gland

85
Q

2 types of synaptic cells

A

1) Presynaptic Cell- sends signal to synaptic cleft

2) Postsynaptic Cell- receives the signal

86
Q

3 types of synapses

A

1) Electrical Synapse
2) Chemical Synapse
3) Neuromuscular Synapse

87
Q

Motor Unit

A

Associated with control of the body movements via skeletal muscles

88
Q

Synaptic Integration

A

Integrates multiple inputs to signal neurons

89
Q

Spatial Summation

A

When two or more ESPS’s (excitatory postsynaptic potential) are generated at one time along different regions of the dendrites and cell body their effects sum together

90
Q

Temporal Summation

A

Two or more ESPS’s (excitatory postsynaptic potential) arrive at the same locations in quick succession

91
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Small protein-like molecules secreted by neurons as signaling molecules that influence the nervous system

92
Q

Neuropeptides and Peptide Hormones

A

Both are synthesized by the same sets of enzymes

93
Q

Advantages of Nervous System

A
  • Provide rapid regulations

- Coordinate multiple organs

94
Q

What is the Rudimentary Brain?

A

Highly specialized ganglion that can modify the basic reflex response

95
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

A long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissues that supports cells that extend from the brain via the medulla oblongata.

96
Q

What does the spinal cord transmit?

A

Neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body

97
Q

What does the PNS (Parasympathetic Nervous System) consist of?

A

The nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord

98
Q

What is the PNS divided into?

A

1) Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

2) Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

99
Q

What is the function of the PNS?

A
  • Connects the CNS to the limbs and organs
  • Conducts motor information
  • Coordinates certain reflexes
100
Q

3 Parts of the Somatic Nervous System

A

1) Cranial Nerves
2) Spinal Nerves
3) Association Nerves

101
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) ?

A

The control system below the level of consciousness that controls most involuntary visceral functions

102
Q

What are the divisions of the ANS (Autonomic Nervous System)?

A

1) Sympathetic Division;
- Fight-or-Flight
2) Parasympathetic Division
- Rest-or-Digest

103
Q

Release of Epinephrine

A

Is the simulation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system which prepares the body for emergencies for fight-or-flight.

104
Q

What happens when there is a release of epinephrine?

A
  • pupils dilate
  • trachea and bronchi dilate
  • stimulates glycogenolysis
  • inhibits contraction of bladder and rectum
105
Q

What does the release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla into the blood do?

A

Ensures the cells of the body will be exposed to sympathetic stimulation

106
Q

SLUDDSA

A 
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Digestion
Defection
Sexual 
Arousal
107
Q

Parasympathetic Stimulation

A

Functions with actions that do not require immediate reaction

108
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A
  • One of the most widespread neurotransmitters

- Only neurotransmitter in the motor division of the somatic nervous system

109
Q

2 Types of Effects of Acetylecholine

A

1) Nicotinic (Postsynaptic Side)

2) Muscarinic (Postganglionic side)

110
Q

Nicotinic ACh Receptors (nAChRs)

A
  • Termed ionotropic receptors
  • Located on muscle end plates
  • Stimulated by nicotine and acetylcholine
111
Q

Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptor

A

-A seven transmembrane metabotropic receptor

112
Q

What do Nicotinic and Muscarinic Receptors have in common?

A

-Both are activated by the same specific neurotransmitter, acetylcholine

113
Q

Metabotropic Receptor

A
  • Involved in opening channels

- Remain activated from seconds to minutes

114
Q

What is the mACh blocked by?

A

Atropine

115
Q

What is kinase?

A

An enzyme that transfers protein

116
Q

Types of Animal Sensors

A
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Nociceptors
  • Electromagnetic receptors
  • Photoreceptors
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Interoreceptors
  • Exteroreceptors
  • Proprioreceptors
117
Q

What are Mechanically gated channels sensitive to?

A

Stretch

118
Q

What are Chemically gated channels sensitive to?

A

Chemicals

119
Q

Where are Voltage gated channels found?

A

Plasma membrane of animals

120
Q

Where are Thermally gated channels found?

A

Most animals

121
Q

Intensity of a stimuli

A

If strong enough, it can depolarize a membrane producing an action potential in a sensory neuron

122
Q

What do skin receptors sense? and where are they found?

A

Touch and light pressure. They are found just beneath the surface of your skin

123
Q

Where are stretch receptors found?

A

The walls of organs that can be distended

124
Q

What do specialized epithelial cells work as?

A

Mechanoreceptors that release a chemical neurotransmitter when stimulated

125
Q

What is audition?

A

The ability to detect and interpret sound waves (wavelength and frequency)

126
Q

Transmission of sound waves in the ear

A

Fluid movement within the perilymph set up by vibration of the oval windows follows two pathways

127
Q

What is the organ of Corti?

A

A highly specialized structure that responds to fluid-borne vibrations in the cochlea with a shearing vector in the cochlear hair cells

128
Q

What is the Basilar Membrane formed by?

A

Thin elastic fibers tensed across the cochlear duct

129
Q

What is the Basilar Membrane lined with?

A

Protein fibers

130
Q

What is proprioception?

A

The ability to sense the position, orientation and movement of the body

131
Q

What are otoliths?

A

Small particles composed of a combination of gelatinous matrix, calcium carbonate in the viscous fluid of the saccule and utricle

132
Q

Where is the vestibular system in vertebrates located?

A

The inner ear next to the cochlea

133
Q

What is the Glutamate Receptor?

A

A sodium-calcium channel that makes the cell to be voltage dependent.

134
Q

What is Glutamate?

A

The most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system

135
Q

What do photoreceptors detect?

A

Photons of light arriving from the sun or other light source, or reflecting off an object

136
Q

What is a photon?

A

The fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation with the properties of both a particle and a wave

137
Q

3 Layers of cells in the Retina

A

1) Rods and Cones
2) Bipolar Cells
3) Ganglion Cells

138
Q

What are rods and cones sensitive to ?

A

Rods- Low intensity Light

Cones-Require more light for stimulation

139
Q

What is rhodopsin?

A

A seven transmembrane receptor covalently bound to retinal associated with 3 different G-proteins (transducins)

Biology 224 (2 decks)

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