Theories

Question 1

Stimulus Response Theory

Answer 1

Introduced to explain how people learn new behaviours.
Rewards and punishment (depends on how you use it).
Can be effective in the short term, over time need to sustain stronger stimulus/rewards in order to sustain behaviour (becomes extrinsic motivation, no intrinsic motivation).
-not great in the long term.
Grounded in early research on classical and instrumental conditioning.

Question 2

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 2

Adding something positive
Increases physical activity

Question 3

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 3

Taking away something negative.
Increases Physical activity

Question 4

Punishment

Answer 4

Adding something negative.
Decreases physical activity.

Question 5

Extinction

Answer 5

Taking away reinforcement
Decreases physical activity.

Question 6

Social Cognitive Theory Background

Answer 6

Describes factors shaping human motivation, behaviour, and well-being.
Reciprocal determinism central idea in explanation of motivation.
-motivation is the product of three types of influences = behavioural, personal, and environmental.

Question 7

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 7

Seven constructs embedded within social cognitive theory.
Observational learning.
Goals
Outcome expectations
Outcome expectancies,
Self-regulation
Behavioural capacity
Self-efficacy.

Question 8

Observational Learning

Answer 8

What types of thoughts, emotions seen in other people

Question 9

Goals

Answer 9

Long-term and short-term goals of people

Question 10

Outcome Expectations

Answer 10

People try to project how a certain behaviour will lead to pleasant or unpleasant behaviours.
Interested in the benefits and loses of certain behaviours.

Question 11

Outcome Expectancies.

Answer 11

The likelihood that the behaviour will result in the outcome that we expect.

Question 12

Self-regulation

Answer 12

The ways in which we manage our own behaviour and monitor our behaviours.

Question 13

Behavioural Capacity

Answer 13

What we preserve our abilities to be for different types of behaviours.

Question 14

Self-efficacy

Answer 14

Our belief in our self that we can be successful in a context.

Question 15

Social Cognitive Theory and Health Behaviour

Answer 15

Shows relationship between SCT and behaviour.
Self-efficacy is the main variable in SCT.
-Influences our outcome expectations in physical, social, and self-evaluative outcomes.
-those influences our likelihood to engage in behaviour.
-works through goals to influence behaviour as well
-helps you become away of things that are facilitators and barriers in life.
-which will influence the behaviour they will engage in.

Question 16

Sub-Theory of SCT

Answer 16

Self-efficacy theory

Question 17

Self-efficacy Theory

Answer 17

Belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the course of action to achieve an outcome in a specific context or situation.
Identified five types of self-efficacy relevant to physical activity:
-task efficacy, coping efficacy, scheduling efficacy, proxy efficacy, other efficacy.

Question 18

Task Efficacy

Answer 18

Refers to self-efficacy specific to one’s belief in their ability to successfully perform a task or skill.

Question 19

Coping Efficacy

Answer 19

Belief in one’s ability to effectively manage or cope with challenges they may face.

Question 20

Scheduling Efficacy

Answer 20

Belief in our own ability to effectively organize and manage time.

Question 21

Proxy Efficacy

Answer 21

Belief in somebody else’s ability to help them accomplish a task.

Question 22

Other Efficacy

Answer 22

Belief in another person’s ability to perform a task.

Question 23

Where does self-efficacy come from?

Answer 23

According to SCT, it comes from mastery experience, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological/affective states.
Self-efficacy leads to certain types of behaviours, cognitions, and affect.
Self-efficacy is both an antecedent and an outcome of PA.

Question 24

Mastery Experience

Answer 24

Past performance and failure of similar types of behaviours.
Important when setting short term attainable goals.

Question 25

Vicarious Experience

Answer 25

Modelling. Having role models we can look to to understand certain behaviours. Imagery is another form.

Question 26

Verbal Persuasion

Answer 26

Also known as social persuasion. Verbal/non-verbal feedback we get from others.

Question 27

Physiological/Affective States

Answer 27

Have certain physiological responses in our body and we can associate specific behaviours to these states. Can reframe different physiological states with a behaviour/event can help with self-efficacy.

Question 28

Research on Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 28

SCT constructs account for 40-55% of physical activity behaviour. Environmental barriers such as affordability and accessibility have an effect on our self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is linked to behavioural outcomes, such as sport performance and exercise adherence.

Question 29

Application of Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 29

Wearable activity monitors can include techniques linked to social cognitive theory designed to support physical activity motivation. -social support, activity monitoring, learning tools.

Question 30

Theory of Planned Behaviour

Answer 30

Highlights personal and social influences on cognitive self-regulation of behaviour. -focus on intention -our intention to engage in behaviour is the best predictor for actually engaging in a certain type of behaviour. Looking at how much our intentions align with a target behaviour, how much time lapses between intention and the target behaviour, and our perceived control over a certain type of behaviour. Relationship between intention and behaviour is the focus of this theory.

Question 31

Theory of Reasoned Action

Answer 31

Precursor of theory of planned behaviour. Talked about two factors that shape our intention to engage in behaviour. -intention is influenced by our attitude toward that behaviour -positive or negative view -are made up of our behaviour beliefs = consider the affective/instrumental consequences in engaging in a certain behaviour. -subjective norms influence our intentions -ie. pressure we receive from our social circles, environment, etc. -normative beliefs influence our subjective norms = reflect our perceptions of others and what these others think in regard to a behaviour; descriptive norms and injunctive norms -missing the belief in one self

Question 32

Descriptive and Injunctive Norms

Answer 32

What do they think about behaviour vs what they think about you doing the behaviour.

Question 33

What is the difference between TRA and TPB?

Answer 33

Added the element of belief in ourselves to the theory of reasoned action. -known as perceived behavioural control = how much control we have overcoming personal and environment behaviours. -control beliefs have an influence = ledger of what barriers and facilitators we have to engage in this behaviour. -has a direct effect on behaviour and our intentions Intention explains about 1/3 of the variance in exercise behaviour when using the theory of planned behaviour.

Question 34

The Intention-Behaviour Gap

Answer 34

The intention-behaviour gap is influenced by intentional stability, habit, affective judgement, identity, and implementation intentions. Involves the Health Action Process Model

Question 35

Health Action Process Model

Answer 35

Breaks down the intention-behaviour gap. Gives insights into what happens between the gap. Action planning = how are we going to engage in a behaviour. Coping planning = predicting and planning for different barriers/challenges we might face. Also involves task self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and risk perception.

Question 36

Research on TPB

Answer 36

Attitude and perceived behaviour control are positively linked with exercise intentions. Subjective norms generally show weaker associations with exercise intentions. Important others are a key source for sport initiation in para-sport participation.

Question 37

Applications of TPB

Answer 37

Interventions should focus on enhancing the individual's intention to exercise. Increase attitude towards PA by increasing the knowledge of exercise benefits. Target subjective norms by eliciting the support of others who are physically active. Perceived behaviour control can be targeted through a range of strategies.

Question 38

Self-Determination Theory

Answer 38

Global theory of human motivation and development. People are naturally endowed with innate tendencies for personal growth and development and flourish when social environments are optimal. Two sub-theories of self-determination theory to our introductory discussion of motivation include cognitive evaluation theory and organismic integration theory.

Question 39

Cognitive Evaluation Theory

Answer 39

Specified how various conditions shape or thwart the development of intrinsic motivation. Focus on three basic physiological needs including competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Social pressure, negative reinforcement, threat of punishment, competition, and rewards can potentially undermine intrinsic motivation. Satisfying these needs leads to a lot of positive outcomes. -direct and mediator influences on outcomes depending on the situation.

Question 40

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 40

Engaging in an activity because it is enjoyable, interesting, stimulating, or self-rewarding.

Question 41

Competence

Answer 41

Feeling effective and capable when undertaking challenging tasks

Question 42

Autonomy

Answer 42

The feeling one has choice and is the author of their own behaviour

Question 43

Relatedness

Answer 43

Sense of belonging and connection with members of a group.

Question 44

Organismic Integration Theory

Answer 44

Considers the quality of motivation. -the supports and social environment have an effect on the type and quality of motivation thus influencing the outcomes. Intrinsic motivation = more self-determined. Extrinsic motivation = our behaviour is moderated by an outcome separate from ourselves (ie. outside reward) -more nonself-determined -four types of extrinsic motivation include external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation.

Question 45

External Regulation

Answer 45

We're engaging in behaviour because of some external demand.

Question 46

Introjected Regulation

Answer 46

To engage in activity to avoid negative emotion that is shaped by external factor.

Question 47

Identified Regulation

Answer 47

The behaviour is linked to something that is important to us (ie. eat healthy because of the benefits that come with it).

Question 48

Integrated Regulation

Answer 48

Engaging in behaviour because it is consistent with their values and beliefs (ie. identity).

Question 49

Research on Self-Determined Theory

Answer 49

Greater endorsement of self-determined motives associated with increased effort in physical education classes and intention to be physically active. Autonomy support, structure, and involvement linked to greater need for satisfaction, autonomous motives, and effort put into sport.