Theories

Question 1

Lombroso

Answer 1

Genetically born to commit crime and having physical characteristics such as large jaws and high cheekbones

Question 2

Sheldon Somatotype

Answer 2

Body type is linked to offending

Question 3

List the 3 type of body types in Sheldons studies

Answer 3

1. Ectomorph
2. Endomorph
3. Mesomorph

Question 4

State one personality trait for ectomorph

Answer 4

Introvert

Question 5

State one personality trait for endomorph

Answer 5

sociable

Question 6

State one personality trait for mesomorph

Answer 6

aggressive

Question 7

State two physical traits of ectomorph

Answer 7

Thin and fragile

Question 8

State two physical traits of endomorph

Answer 8

Fat and soft

Question 9

State two physical traits of mesomorph

Answer 9

Muscular

Question 10

Christiansen (1977)

Answer 10

3500 twins
if the twins were identical = high crime.

Question 11

List 3 individualist theories

Answer 11

1. Social learning theory
2. Freud
3. Eysenck

Question 12

Social learning theory - bandura - people commit crimes due to two things?

Answer 12

Observe + imitate

Question 13

What are the two dimensions in Eysnck personality theory?

Answer 13

Extroverts/introversion
and
neuroticism/stability

Question 14

Freud, what are the three psychological components

Answer 14

1. Id
2. ego
3. superego

Question 15

Explain the psychological component: ego

Answer 15

rationality

Question 16

Explain the psychological component: Id

Answer 16

Impulsive

Question 17

Explain the psychological component: superego

Answer 17

morality

Question 18

State Durkheim theory of crime

Answer 18

Crime is inevitable and necessary for society. it reinforces the social norms

Question 19

Durkheim stated that crime reduces the chances of _____

Answer 19

Anomie

Question 20

Definition of anomie

Answer 20

Anomie is the breakdown of social norms caused by crime

Question 21

Give a summarised definition of Mertons strain theory

Answer 21

Mertons strain theory is caused by gaps in the societal goals and the capabilities of achieving them.

Question 22

What are the five ways individuals adapt to strain according to Mertons strain theory?

Answer 22

1. Conform
2. Innovation
3. Ritualism
   4.Retreatism
   5.Rebellion

Question 23

What is conforming in Mertons strain theory?

Answer 23

Conforming is a way of adapting to strain which involves an individual chooses to achieve socially accepted goals through legitimate means

Question 24

What is innovation in Mertons strain theory?

Answer 24

Innovation is a way of adapting to strain through committing deviance/crime

Question 25

What is ritualism in Mertons strain theory?

Answer 25

Ritualism is a way of adapting to strain, but they will disregard goals but will still follow the 'means' to attain the goals

Question 26

What is retreatism in Mertons strain theory?

Answer 26

Retreatist is a way of adapting to the strain, and involves dropping both goals and the means

Question 27

What is rebellion in Mertons strain theory?

Answer 27

Rebellion is a way of adapting to the strain and it involves having 'criminal' goals and means

Question 28

Give one example of conforming in Mertons strain theory

Answer 28

One example of conforming in Mertons strain theory is trying hard in school to get a successful career

Question 29

Give one example of innovation in Mertons strain theory

Answer 29

One example of innovation in Mertons strain theory could be drugs

Question 30

Give one example of ritualism in Mertons strain theory

Answer 30

One example of ritualism in Mertons strain theory is students who graduate from school, with an unclear career path but get attend university as that is what's expected from them.

Question 31

Give one example of retreatism in Mertons strain theory

Answer 31

One example of retreatism in Mertons strain theory could be someone who resorts to drugs or is homeless

Question 32

Give one example of rebellion in Mertons strain theory

Answer 32

One example of rebellion in Mertons strain theory could be someone who has extreme political views

Question 33

Give a summarised definition of the subculture theory by cohen

Answer 33

Status frustration occurs in working class boys due to failure in education, they have to turn to illegitimate means to gain goals.

Question 34

Give a summarised definition of the subculture theory by cloward and ohlin

Answer 34

There is a variety of subcultures and they have different ways to respond back to crime

Question 35

Cloward and Ohlins subculture theory: Give a definition for criminal subculture

Answer 35

Criminal subculture is organised crime, completely turning to illegitimate means over legitimate means

Question 36

Cloward and Ohlin subculture theory: Give a definition for conflict subculture

Answer 36

Conflict subculture is gangs and youths

Question 37

Cloward and Ohlin subculture theory: Give a definition for retreatist subculture

Answer 37

Retreatist subculture is can't attain goals through legitimate or illegitimate means so they as well 'drop out' and resort to drugs

Question 38

Give a brief summary of Marxist theory of crime

Answer 38

Marxist believe that class inequality and capitalism cause crime

Question 39

Give a brief summary of right realism

Answer 39

Right realism means crime is caused by poor socialisation and a 'culture of dependency' and 3 things cause crime: inadeuqate socialisation offending as a rational choice biological differences

Question 40

Give a brief summary of left realism

Answer 40

Left realism means crime is caused by relative deprivation, marginalisation, and subcultures.