Theories

Question 1

Piaget’s Cognitive-Development Theory

Answer 1

1. Sensory motor - schema assimilation and accommodation; circular reaction; object permanence
2. Preoperational - egocentrism, animism, artificalism
3. Concrete - operational-reversibilty, conservative problems
4. Formal - operational-personal fable

Question 2

Kohlberg’s Moral Judgement

Answer 2

1. preconventional-good and bad, right and wrong
2. conventional-social rules
3. postconventional-universal principles

Question 3

Erickson’s Psychosocial Development

Answer 3

1. Infancy: trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt
2. Childhood: initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. territory
3. Adolescence: identity vs. role confusion
4. Adulthood: intimacy vs. isolation, generality vs. stagnation, ego integrity vs despair

Question 4

Kubler-Ross’ Stages of Death

Answer 4

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Question 5

Weber’s law

Answer 5

just noticeable difference

Question 6

Young-Helmholtz Color Theory

Answer 6

(trichromatic theory) color determined by the relative activity in red, blue, or green sensitive cones

Question 7

Opponent-Process Color Theory

Answer 7

color information is organized into 3 antagonistic pairs

Question 8

Place Theory

Answer 8

relates perceived pitch to region

Question 9

Frequency Theory

Answer 9

Related pitch to the frequency or sound waves and frequency of neuron firing

Question 10

Facial Feedback hypothesis

Answer 10

sensations from the face provide cues to the brain that help us determine what we are feeling

Question 11

Statistical significance

Answer 11

0.05 chance accounds for results less then 5% of the time

Question 12

Template-Matching theory

Answer 12

stored copies

Question 13

Prototype-matching theory

Answer 13

recognition involves comparison

Question 14

Feature-Analysis theory

Answer 14

patterns are represented and recognized by distinctive features

Question 15

Restorative theory

Answer 15

We sleep in order to replenish

Question 16

Adaptive Nonresponding theory

Answer 16

sleep and inactivity have survived value

Question 17

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

Answer 17

dreams are products of spontaneous neural activity

Question 18

Thorndike’s Law of effect

Answer 18

reward and punishment encourages and discourages responding

Question 19

Premack principle

Answer 19

states that any high-probability behavior can be used as a reward for any lower-probability behavior

Question 20

Continuity vs. Discontinuity

Answer 20

theories of development, nature vs. nurture

Question 21

Serial position phenomenon

Answer 21

sequence influences recall

Question 22

Primacy effect

Answer 22

enhanced memory for items presented earlier

Question 23

Recency effect

Answer 23

Enhanced memory for items presented last

Question 24

Decay theory

Answer 24

Forgetting caused by learning similar materials (proactive-initially, retroactive-previously)

Question 25

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 25

person's language determines and limits a person's experiences

Question 26

Hull's drive

Answer 26

reduction model-motivation arises out of need

Question 27

Cognitive consistency theory

Answer 27

cognitive inconsistencies create tension and thus motivate the organism

Question 28

Festinger's Cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 28

Reconcile cognitive discrepancies

Question 29

Arousal Theories

Answer 29

we all have optimal levels of stimulation that we try to maintain

Question 30

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 30

arousal will increase performances up to a point, then further increases will impair performances; inverted U function

Question 31

Incentive theory

Answer 31

behavior is pulled rather than pushed

Question 32

James-Lange theory

Answer 32

emotion is caused by bodily changes

Question 33

Cannon-Bard's Thalamic theory

Answer 33

emotional expression caused by simultaneous changing bodily event thoughts and feelings

Question 34

Schachter's Cognitive Physiological Theory

Answer 34

bodily changes, current stimuli, events, and memories combine to determine behavior

Question 35

Attribution theory

Answer 35

explains how people make inferences about the causes of behavior; personal or situational; self-serving bias

Question 36

Deindividuation

Answer 36

loss of self-restraint that occurs out of anonymity

Question 37

Contact theory

Answer 37

proposes that equal-status contact between antagonistic groups should lower tension and bring harmony

Question 38

Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Answer 38

emergency reaction to stressfull situations, alarm reaction, resistance and exhaustion

Question 39

Lazaru's Cognitive-Psychological model

Answer 39

emphasizes the process of appraisal (primary and secondary) as the primary determinant of stress

Question 40

Twin Studies

Answer 40

allows a researcher to test influence of heredity vs. environment

Question 41

Personal Construct Theory

Answer 41

unique system of reality

Question 42

Deinstitutionalization

Answer 42

occured because of changes in political policy and development of new drug therapies