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LC Unit 3 > Theories of Development > Flashcards

Theories of Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Freud’s stages of psychosexual development

A 
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
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2
Q

Oral stage of development - Freud

A

Birth - 2 years

Sensuality seeking through oral exploration

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3
Q

Anal stage of development - Freud

A

2 - 3 years

Parental control over toileting
Display of “anal” traits - compulsivity, neatness, stubbornness

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4
Q

Phallic phase of development - Freud

A

3 - 6 years

Oedipal complex - sexual wishes directed at the parent of the opposite sex; conflict between the wish for and fear of the parent causes anxiety

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5
Q

Latency stage of development - Freud

A

5 years - puberty

Temporary repression of sexual instincts and anxieties

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6
Q

Genital stage of development - Freud

A

Puberty through adulthood

Transformation of previously repressed sexual impulses to acceptable fulfilment of desires

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7
Q

Repression

A

Hiding away wishes in the unconscious

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8
Q

Displacement

A

Wishes / impulses that are hidden in one area appear in another

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9
Q

Sublimination

A

Using energy from unfulfilled wishes / desires in a constructive way

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10
Q

Denial

A

Failure to acknowledge a truth which produces anxiety

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11
Q

Rationalization

A

Actions based on one motive justified by a more acceptable motive

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12
Q

Reaction formation

A

Displaying a trait that is the opposite of a repressed one

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13
Q

Projection

A

Attributing your own unacceptable impulses to another

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14
Q

Regression

A

Reverting to behaviors seen in earlier stages of development to obtain care/resources which alleviate anxiety

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15
Q

Id

A

Unconscious

Represents ideas and memories outside of an individual’s conscious awareness including primitive drives and forbidden desires

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16
Q

Ego

A

Pre-conscious / conscious

Drives channeled through self-control, education, and mental activities which allows an individual to satisfy desires in a socially acceptable way

Operates on skills / lessons that have been reinforced repeatedly such that the functioning appears almost automatic

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17
Q

Superego

A

Governs social behavior and morality by controlling the ego

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18
Q

Jean Piaget’s Basic Idea

A

The mind changes through interactions with the environment in order to yield more complex thinking above and beyond just the accumulation of experiences

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19
Q

What is psychoanalysis?

A

Exploration of painful memories through a careful examination of chains of association, in order to understand their hidden meaning and achieve curative insight

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20
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Development

A

Sensorimotor
Pre-operational
Concrete operations
Formal operations

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21
Q

Sensorimotor stage of development - Piaget

A

Birth - 2 years

Dependent on exploration of perceptual stimuli through sensory modalities

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22
Q

Pre-operational stage of development - Piaget

A

2 - 7 years

Language development and development of symbolic capciity
Limited attention span / memory
Egocentrism

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23
Q

Concrete operations stage of development - Piaget

A

7 - 12 years

Increased ability to engage in perspective-taking, logical diaglogue, and complex causal sequences

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24
Q

Formal operations stage of development - Piaget

A

Increased capacity for abstract reasoning and hypothetical evaluation of problems and solutions

Emergence of metacognition allows understanding of diverse perspectives

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25
Assimilation (Piaget)
Integration of new experiences with past experiences; problem-solving based on past experiences
26
Accommodation (Piaget)
Reorganization of mind based on discordance between new and past experiences in order to understand new experience
27
Decalage (Piaget)
Unevenness in developmental progress across different cognitive abilities
28
John Bowlby - Basic idea
"Attachment theory" - babies are evolutionarily programmed to form relationships with primary caregivers
29
Secure base (Bowlby)
Relationship with a person who provides comfort and safety necessary to enable the infant/young child to explore the environment
30
Attachment (Bowlby): 2 - 7 months
Discrimination / Limited Preference - may seem more comfortable with primary caregiver but social with everyone and preferences not strongly expressed
31
Attachment (Bowlby): 7 - 12 months
Preferred attachment becomes evident with development of stranger / separation anxiety, development of a hierarchy of preferred caregivers
32
Attachment (Bowlby): 12 - 20 months
Use of attachment figure as a "secure base" / "safe haven" Proximity to caregiver promotes an internal feelin gof security in the infant
33
Attachment Styles (Bowlby)
Secure Avoidant Resistant Disorganized / Disoriented
34
Secure infants (Bowlby)
Seek proximity, contact, and interaction with caregiver; demonstrate distress at separation and are happy to see caregiver upon return
35
Avoidant infants (Bowlby)
Avoid proximity to caregivers at reunion; treat mother same as stranger
36
Resistant infants (Bowlby)
Seek proximity then reject it; demonstrate anger toward caregiver and stranger
37
Disorganized / disoriented infant (Bowlby)
No coherent strategy; strange behaviors
38
Lawrence Kohlberg - Basic idea
Moral judgement develops in distinct stages
39
Kohlberg's stages of moral development
``` Naive moral realism Pragmatic morality Socially-shared perspectives Social system morality Human rights and social welfare morality Universal ethical principles ```
40
Urie Bronfenbrenner - Basic idea
Human ecology theory: development involves interaction between individual and environment
41
Microsystem (Bronfenbrenner)
An individual's immediate social context - i.e. family, classroom
42
Mesosystem (Bronfenbrenner)
Two microsystems in interaction
43
Exosystem (Bronfenbrenner)
The external environment that directly influences development - i.e. a parent's workplace, neighbors, social welfare services, etc.
44
Macrosystem (Bronfenbrenner)
Broader social context - attitudes and ideologies
45
Chronosystem (Bronfenbrenner)
Evolution of external systems over time
46
Erikson's stages of conflict
Trust vs. mistrust (infancy) Autonomy vs. shame (toddlerhood) Initiative vs. guilt (pre-school) Industry vs. inferiority (school age) Identity vs. role confusion (adolescence) Intimacy vs. isolation (early adulthood) Generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood) Ego integrity vs. despair (late adulthood)
47
When do babies crawl?
8 - 10 months
48
When do babies stand?
10 - 12 months
49
When do babies walk?
12 - 13 months
50
When do babies speak their first words?
9 - 12 months
51
When can children speak 2-3 word sentences?
24 months
52
When does toilet training occur?
24 - 36 months
53
Definition of premature infant
Delivery < 37 weeks gestation
54
Definition of low birth weight infant
< 2,500 grams (5.5 lbs)
55
Infant (6 - 12 months) developmental stages
Sensorimotor (Piaget) Oral (Freud) Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)
56
Toddler (12 - 36 months) developmental stages
Anal (Freud) Autonomy vs. Shame / Doubt (Erikson)
57
Early childhood ( 3 - 6 years) developmental stages
Pre-operational thinking (Piaget) Phallic (Freud) Initiative vs. Guilt ( Erikson)
58
Childhood (6 - 12 years) Developmental Stages
``` Concrete operations (Piaget) Latency (Freud) Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson) ```
59
Adolescence - Developmental Stages
Formal operations (Piaget) Genital (Freud) Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson)
60
Naive Moral Realism (Kohlberg)
Actions based on rules; motivation is to avoid punishment
61
Pragmatic morality (Kohlberg)
Actions based on desire to maximize reward/benfit and minimize negative consequences for self
62
Socially-shared perspectives (Kohlberg)
Actions based on beliefs about approval / disapproval of others, and feelings of guilt
63
Social system morality
Actions based on formal dishonor and guilt about harm done to others
64
Human rights and social welfare morality (Kohlberg)
Actions based on maintaining respect for self and community
65
Universal ethical principles (Kohlberg)
Actions determined by ideas of equity, fairness, and concern about maintaining personal moral principles
66
Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)
Infancy Conflict resolves via relationship with loving, responsive parents
67
Autonomy vs. Shame (Erikson)
Early childhood / toddlerhood Conflict resolved through opportunities to exercise free choice and self-control with appropriate supervision
68
Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson)
Pre-school Resolution of conflict leads to feelings of purpose and control
69
Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson)
School age Resolution leads to feelings of competency
70
Identity vs. Role confusion (Erikson)
Adolescence Resolution leads to an integrated sense of self
71
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early adulthood)
Early adulthood Resolution enables feelings of love toward others
72
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Erikson)
Middle adulthood Marked by caring for others and productivity in society
73
Ego integrity vs. Despair (Erikson)
Late adulthood Marked by integrity of selfhood that withstands physical deterioration

LC Unit 3 (9 decks)

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