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crime and deviance - sociology > theories of - interactionism > Flashcards

theories of - interactionism Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 Interactionist explanations of crime?

A
  • The Social Construction of Deviance
  • Differential Enforcement
  • Typification (Negotiation of Justice)
  • The Effects of Labelling
  • Self-fulfilling Prophecy and Deviant Career
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2
Q

What does the Social Construction of Deviance theory argue?

A

No act is deviant in itself: deviance is social construction

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3
Q

What does Becker argue that powerful social groups do in the S.C.D theory do?

A

Create deviance by creating rules and applying them to particular people who they label as ‘outsiders’

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4
Q

Which sociologist in the S.C.D theory argues powerful social groups create deviance by creating rules and applying them to particular people?

A

Becker

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5
Q

Who does Becker argue creates deviance by creating rules and applying them to particular people in the S.C.D theory?

A

Powerful social groups

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6
Q

What is the label given to those who powerful social groups create and apply rules to in the S.C.D theory?

A

Outsiders

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7
Q

What phrase does Becker use in the S.C.D theory to describe how people have the power to create deviant behaviour/label?

A

‘Deviance is in the eye of the beholder’

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8
Q

‘Deviance is in the eye of the beholder’ is used in the S.C.D theory to describe what?

A

People have the power to create deviant behaviour/label

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9
Q

The S.C.D theory argues that an act or person only becomes deviant when….?

A

They have been labelled

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10
Q

What are Moral Crusaders in the S.C.D theory?

A

People who lead a moral ‘crusade’ to change the law

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11
Q

What is the name given to those who lead a moral ‘crusade’ to change the law in the S.C.D theory?

A

Moral Crusaders

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12
Q

In the S.C.D theory what two effects does a new law have?

A
  1. a new group of outsiders
  2. creation/expansion of a social control agency
    to enforce the rule and impose labels
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13
Q

What are examples of the two effects that new laws have in the S.C.D theory?

A

Homosexuality, abortion, smoking marijuana

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14
Q

What are homosexuality, abortion, smoking marijuana examples of in the S.C.D theory?

A

The two effects that new laws have

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15
Q

What is a Marxist criticism of Social Construction of Deviance?

A

The theory fails to locate the origins of such labels in the structure of capitalism

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16
Q

Which theory can be evaluated by saying that it fails to locate the origins of such labels in the structure of capitalism?

A

Social Construction of Deviance

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17
Q

What does the Differential Enforcement theory argue?

A

Not everyone who commits offences are punished for them, whether they’re arrested depends on certain factors

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18
Q

Which theory argues that not everyone who commits offences are punished for them, whether they’re arrested depends on certain factors?

A

Differential Enforcement

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19
Q

Differential Enforcement argues that agencies of social control tend to label certain groups as….

A

Criminal

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20
Q

In the Differential Enforcement theory which agency tends to label certain groups as criminal?

A

Agencies of Control

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21
Q

In the Differential Enforcement theory what stereotypical ideas did Pilliavin and Briar find decisions to arrest were based on?

A

manner, dress, gender, class, ethnicity

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22
Q

Which Sociologists in the Differential Enforcement theory argue the police arrest based on stereotypical ideas?

A

Pilliavan and Briar

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23
Q

In the Differential Enforcement what do police statistics tell us about stop and search rates of young black males?

A

They are 7 times more likely to be stopped and searched

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24
Q

Which theory uses the example of young black males being 7 times more likely to be stopped and searched?

Study These Flashcards
A

Differential Enforcement

25
What is a criticism of the Differential Enforcement?
gives criminals a victim status, that they are arrested because of the police judging them; ignoring the real victims
26
Which theory can be criticised by saying that it gives criminals a victim status, that they are arrested because of the police judging them; ignoring the real victims?
Differential Enforcement
27
What does the Typification (Negotiation of Justice) theory argue?
The police use typifications (stereotypes) of the 'typical deviant' and that those affect how different groups are charged.
28
Which theory argues that the police use typifications (stereotypes) of the 'typical deviant' and that those affect how different groups are charged?
Typification (Negotiation of Justice)
29
Which sociologist argues the Typification (Negotiation of Justice) theory of crime?
Cicourel
30
Which theory of crime did Cicourel argue?
Typification (Negotiation of Justice)
31
How did Cicourel believe working class and ethnic minority juveniles are charged based on the Typification (Negotiation of Justice) theory?
They are more likely to be arrested, once arrested are more likely to be seen as dangerous/in need of more serious punishment. As a result these groups are treated more harshly by CJS
32
Which groups in the Typification (Negotiation of Justice) theory did Cicourel argue are more likely to be arrested, once arrested are more likely to be seen as dangerous/in need of more serious punishment?
Working Class and Ethnic Minority juveniles
33
How did Cicourel believe middle class juveniles are charged based on the Typification (Negotiation of Justice) theory?
Are less likely to fit the typification, and have parents who can negotiate justice on their behalf; use cultural capital or connections to lawyers to persuade the police that children were not serious repeat offenders. So middle class young males were less likely to be charged.
34
Which group in the Typification (Negotiation of Justice) theory did Cicourel argue are less likely to fit the typification, and have parents who can negotiate justice on their behalf?
Middle Class Juveniles
35
What is a real life example of the Typification (Negotiation of Justice) theory and how Middle Class Juveniles can negotiate out of charges?
Lavinia Woodward - stabbed her boyfriend only got 10 month in prison, spared harsher punishment as she was classed as 'too clever' by the judge
36
Lavinia Woodward is a real life example of which theory of crime?
Typification (Negotiation of Justice)
37
What is a criticism of the Typification (Negotiation of Justice) theory?
Left Realists - statistics reflect real differences in rates of offending; marginalisation leads to more crime by minority groups
38
What does The Effects of Labelling theory argue?
By labelling certain people as deviant, society encourages them to commit more crime and deviance. Therefore, societal reaction causes ‘secondary deviance.’
39
Which theory argues that by labelling certain people as deviant, society encourages them to commit more crime and deviance, therefore, societal reaction causes ‘secondary deviance’?
The Effects of Labelling
40
Which sociologists argues The Effects of Labelling theory?
Lemert
41
Which theory did Lemert argue?
The Effects of Labelling
42
Which two types of deviance does Lemert outline in The Effects of Labelling theory?
Primary deviance and Secondary deviance
43
What is Primary deviance in The Effects of Labelling theory?
Deviant acts that have not been publicly labelled; have many causes, often trivial & mostly go uncaught
44
What some examples of Primary deviance?
Fare dodging, shoplifting & driving 32 mph in a 30 mph zone
45
How do people justify their Primary deviance?
Are not part of an organised deviant way of life, easily rationalised away – a ‘moment of madness’. Do not see themselves as deviant
46
What is Secondary deviance in The Effects of Labelling theory?
Been publicly caught for their crimes that causes a person to increase their criminal activity.
47
What does Secondary deviance result from?
Societal reaction
48
How does Secondary deviance lead to a person increasing their criminal activity?
Labelling someone as an offender can involve stigmatising, shaming, humiliating or excluding them from society. May see the offender solely in terms of the label of a ‘criminal’ which then becomes a master status, controlling identity.
49
What is a 'master status' is Secondary deviance?
No longer a colleague, father or neighbour; he is now a thief, junkie or paedophile – in short, an outsider. Criminal has become their main characteristic.
50
What is a criticism of The Effects of Labelling theory?
deterministic – it assumes that once an individual is labelled, a SFP will occur. This ignores free will to reject the label
51
Which theory can be criticised by determinism – it assumes that once an individual is labelled, a SFP will occur?
The Effects of Labelling
52
What does the Self-fulfilling Prophecy and the Deviant Career theory argue?
Being labelled make a crisis of the individual’s sense of identity. One way to resolve: individual accepts the deviant label, see themselves as the world sees them. self-fulfilling prophecy - accepts their status as criminal and commits more crime.
53
Which theory argues that being labelled make a crisis of the individual’s sense of identity. Which can be resolved by accepting the deviant label; see themselves as the world sees them.
Self-fulfilling Prophecy and the Deviant Career theory
54
What may further societal reaction result in, in the Self-fulfilling Prophecy and the Deviant Career theory?
It may reinforce their outsider status and lead them to join a deviant subculture that offers support, role models and a deviant career. (e.g. ex-convict finds it hard to go straight because no one will employ him, so he seeks out other outsiders for support)
55
What case study is used for the Self-fulfilling Prophecy and the Deviant Career theory?
Jock Young - hippy marijuana smokers
56
Which theory is Jock Young; hippy marijuana smokers a case study for?
Self-fulfilling Prophecy and the Deviant Career
57
How where Hippy marijuana smokers an example of Self-fulfilling Prophecy and Deviant Career?
Drug use was initially peripheral to the hippies’ lifestyle (primary deviance), but police perception of them as junkies (societal reaction); retreat into closed groups, developed deviant subculture where drug use was a central activity (self-fulfilling prophecy). Aimed to produce law-abiding behaviour produced the opposite.
58
What is a criticism of the Self-fulfilling Prophecy and Deviant Career theory?
Right Realists - not the criminal accepting a label that causes more crime but that they have poorly socialised.

crime and deviance - sociology (21 decks)

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