Theory Flashcards
(21 cards)
Economic liberalism?
- Political and economic ideology based on strong support for a market economy
e.g. UN/IMF/World Bank work in developing trade, SAPs for countries like Pakistan
Neoliberalism
- Modified form of liberalism tending to favour free-market capitalism
e.g. removal of price controls, privatisation, removing trade barriers, reducing state influence in economy
Why do attitudes towards girls’ education vary?
- Lower priority in developing countries - girls needed for rural activities e.g. wood/water collecting
- Costs of education are high - so families choose to focus on educating boys who are more likely to get a job
- Low status of women - seen as source of labour, expected to marry/have children young
- Difference between % rural and % urban - countries with higher rural % likely to have fewer girls in education as they’re needed for work and chores + have less contact with outside world to change attitudes
Why is there variation in life expectancy between countries?
- Differences in GDP per capita
- Provision of basic services/diet
- Infant mortality rates
- Healthcare
- Lifestyle issues (e.g. US)
- War, civil unrest (e.g. Middle East)
Why is there variation in life expectancy within countries?
- Rural vs urban - healthcare/services, access to clean water, deindustrialised cities
- Ethnic variations driven by poverty - African-American mortality rates higher than whites)
How do differences in gov. spending on healthcare impact life expectancy?
- Higher gov spending = higher life expectancy in Switzerland
- BUT, lifestyle can counter this - low spending in Japan but high LE, high spending in US but lower LE
- Diet, drug/alcohol abuse, firearms, air pollution
What is a welfare state?
- Generall high-income countries
- Gov. prioritises meeting human needs, raising well-being and creating opportunities
Authoritarian/Totalitarian States?
- Run by elites
- Public spending lower and less suited to needs of people
How have IGOs played a role in developing targets and policies?
- UN Millennium Development Goals
- UN Sustainable Development Goals
UN Millennium Dvpt. Goals aim?
- 2000-2015
- Eradicate poverty, education, gender equality, child mortality, maternal health, HIV/AID/malaria/other diseases, environmental sustainability, global partnership for development
What caused the UN development goals lack of progress?
- Limited overall economic development - so poverty persisted
- Unable to participate in globalisation
- War, conflict, drought, desertification, population growth - doesnt match medical infrastructure/personnel
- Lack of political will
Agenda of SDGs?
- End poverty, fight inequality and injustice and tackle climate change by 2030
Main criticisms of SDGs?
- Some MDG progress linked growing Chinese affluence
- Too many self-interests by different IGOs
- Too expensive
- Willingness to accept not everything will be done
- Local development always varied
Freedom House?
- Freedom in the World Report
Democracy Index (EIU)
- Freedom measured by electoral process, pluralism, civil liberties, functioning of government, political culture
Corruptions Perceptions Index?
- Index that scores and ranks countries by their perceived levels of public sector corruption
Corruption - Abuse of entrusted power for private gain
Global Gender Gap Index?
- Compiled by World Economic Forum since 2006
- Measures 4 aspects of gender equality in every country - economic, educational, health + political
- Closer to 1 = smaller gender gap
Reasons for gender gap?
- Arab countries - Sharia law
- Historical, religious, economic, cultural realities
Why does international community intervene?
If human rights are violated, may decided they have R2P (right to protect)
Forms of intervention?
- Military
- Economic
Types of development aid?
- NGOs
- Bi-lateral
- Multi-lateral
- Emergency aid/relief
