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ST Theory II > Theory Midterm > Flashcards

Theory Midterm Flashcards

(148 cards)

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1
Q

What is parasitism?

A

One organism benefits while the host is harmed

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2
Q

List the steps of blood flow through the heart

A
  1. Superior and inferior vena cava
  2. Right atrium
  3. Tricuspid valve
  4. Right ventricle
  5. Pulmonary valve
  6. Pulmonary artery
  7. Lungs
  8. Pulmonary veins
  9. Left atrium
  10. Mitral valve
  11. Left ventricle
  12. Aortic valve
  13. Aorta
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3
Q

What is an example of an opportunistic pathogen?

A

E. Coli entering the abdominal cavity

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4
Q

How does the autoclave kill microbes?

A

By coagulating proteins

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5
Q

What is commensalism

A

One organism uses another to meet its needs but causes no harm to the host

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6
Q

What is aseptic technique

A

practices and procedures used to avoid introducing pathogens into the wound

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7
Q

What does N. gonorrhoeae cause?

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease (gonorrhoeae)

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8
Q

What is secondary intention?

A

Happens when primary intention fails Common in large wounds or postop SSI’s where infection has damaged the tissue The wound is not sutured and left open to heal from the inside out

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9
Q

Pressure, temp, use, and time for gravity air displacement

A
  1. 15 to 17 psi
  2. 250F
  3. Used for wrapped items
  4. 15 to 30 minutes
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10
Q

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

Microbes that are harmless under normal circumstances but may become harmful in a weakened host.

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11
Q

What happens when endotoxins enter the blood stream?

A

Septicemia

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12
Q

What is shelf life?

A

The length of time a package in storage remains sterile

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13
Q

How are bacteria classified?

A

By shape

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14
Q

What are obligate anaerobes

A

Require the level of oxygen found in a typical room

Poisoned by oxygen

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15
Q

In which quadrant is the liver located

A

Right upper quadrant

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16
Q

When is intermediate disinfection used?

A

Large areas such as floors

Used for terminal cleaning

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17
Q

What degree of wound healing is this?

A

Primary (union, first intention)

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18
Q

Pressure, temp, use, and time for flash sterilizer

A
  1. 27 psi
  2. 270F
  3. Used for unwrapped items in emergency situations
  4. 3 minutes for unwrapped items without a lumen

4 minutes for instruments with lumens or marking tape (prevacuum)

10 for gravity displacement

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19
Q

What does C. difficile cause?

A

antibiotic associated GI disease

Extreme shits

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20
Q

What are cells stained with?

A

Crystal violet with safranin

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21
Q

How should dirty instruments be transported to decontam?

A

They should be covered

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22
Q

In which quadrant is the spleen located

A

LUQ

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23
Q

Chemical used for intermediate disinfection?

A

Phenol (carbolic acid)

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24
Q

Transmission and effects of Hep C

A

Blood-borne RNA

Blood and blood products

Effects the liver

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25
Chemical used for high level disinfection
Cidex
26
What is bacteriostasis
Inhibits growth of bacteria without killing them
27
What does S. pyogenes cause?
Strep throat Tonsillitis
28
What is an example of commensalism?
E coli in the intestines
29
McBurney
30
How to bacteria replicate?
Binary fission resulting in 2 identical cells
31
What is this bacteria?
Spirilla
32
What is bioburden
Contamination of an item from debris or microorganisms
33
In which quadrant is the appendix located
RLQ
34
What is the first step in cleaning microsurgical instruments?
The ultrasonic cleaner
35
What is serosanguinous fluids?
exudate or discharge containing serum and blood
36
What is this bacteria?
Streptococci
37
What degree of wound healing is this?
Secondary Intention (granulation)
38
What are exotoxins?
Potent poisons secreted by gram-positive spore forming rods
39
What is a community acquired infection?
Infection present before the pt was admitted to the hospital
40
Transmission and effects of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
Transmission unknown Attacks the nervous system/causes dimentia
41
What spore is used to test steam under pressure sterilizers?
Bacillus stearothermophilus
42
What is the infection rate of dirty surgical wounds?
28-70%
43
What is the second phase of primary intention?
Proliferation Fibroblasts secrete collagen which produces scar tissue
44
After the procedure what should be done with instruments that have gross debris?
They should be opened and presoaked in sterile water with enzyme detergent.
45
What is the infection rate of clean surgical wounds?
2%
46
What are the characteristics of a clean-contaminated surgical wound?
Respiratory, GI, and GU tracts are entered without unusual contamination No major break in sterile technique
47
What are endotoxins
Poisons secreted by gram negative rods Contained within cell wall of bacteria Released when the bacterial cell ruptures
48
What is Vacuum assisted closure?
Uses controlled negative pressure of a vacuum to promote healing
49
What are the characteristics of a dirty surgical wound?
Old traumatic wounds Existing infections Perforated viscera
50
What is fibrinogen
constituent of blood that aids in coagulation
51
What does S. Epidermis cause?
UTI's Common in urinary catheters or implants
52
What are examples of clean surgeries?
Mastectomy Vascular Hernias
53
What are examples of clean-contaminated surgeries?
Gastrectomy Hysterectomy
54
What are the characteristics of a clean surgical wound?
Nontraumatic Elective surgery The respiratory, GI, and GI tracts are not entered No break in sterile technique
55
In which quadrant is the Sigmoid Colon located
LLQ
56
Thoracoabdominal
57
What are the steps for mechanically cleaning instruments during the procedure
1. Point of use cleaning 2. St wipes the excess blood from instruments using a wet lap. (do not clean in a basin to avoid splashing on floor) 3. Instruments that won't be used for the rest of the procedure may be soaked in sterile water. 4. Instruments are never soaked in saline to avoid pitting and deterioration
58
Transmission and effects of Herpes simplex (HSV)
Contact with fluid from lesions Causes blisters on the lips
59
In which quadrant is the gallbladder located
RUQ
60
What is gram staining?
Used to differentiate bacteria into gram positive and gram negative groups
61
What incision is #5
Pfannenstiel
62
What are the physical characteristics of Bacillus
Rod shaped bacteria
63
What are facultative anaerobes
Able to survive with or without oxygen Switches to fermentation without oxygen
64
What is third intention?
When closure of surgical wound is delayed for several days after injury This is done when a wound is too contaminated to be closed When enough granulation tissue has formed it can be sutured
65
What is granulation?
the formation of new tissue which forms in types of wounds left open
66
What are examples of direct contact?
Light handle dropping into open wound Needle stick injury from recapping
67
What are two forms of Streptococcus?
S. pneumonia S. pyogenes
68
What does S. Aureus cause?
Postop SSI's TSS (no reversal) Osteomyelitis (bone inflammation)
69
What is mutualism?
Both organisms benefit from one another
70
What does treponema pallidum cause?
Syphilis
71
What is the function of flagella?
Movement
72
What is a cicatrix?
A scar of a healed wound
73
What does Helicobacter pylori cause?
Stomach ulcers
74
What is an example of mutualism?
S. Aureus inhabits normal healthy skin
75
What are examples of dirty surgeries?
Incision and drainage of an abcess
76
What are two forms of Staphylococcus?
S. aureus S. epidermis
77
What is this bacteria?
Staphylococci
78
What does the cytoplasmic membrane do?
Acts as the doorway to the cell Site of enzyme production
79
What is an example of indirect contact?
Bioburden on gloves contaminates equipment handled by non gloved person who rubs eyes
80
What are the four abdominal quadrants?
Right upper quadrant Right lower quadrant Left upper quadrant Left lower quadrant
81
What does Clostridium tetani cause?
Lock jaw Found in soil
82
What is aseptic
Means without infection
83
When is low level disinfection used?
Used on non-critical items such as pneumatic tourniquet, pulse oximeters, blood pressure cuffs
84
What is the first phase of primary intention?
Lag phase (inflammatory response) Includes heat, redness, swelling, pain Phagocytosis starts by neutrophils and macrophages
85
What is sanitary?
Means clean
86
What is unique about prions?
They do not contain DNA or RNA and are resistant to routine methods of sterilization
87
What are eukaryotes?
All cells that make up the human body Fungi, protozoa, algae, and all plant and animal cells. Has nucleus and mitochondria
88
How are cross infections spread?
From patient to patient
89
What is an example of parasitism?
Any infectious disease
90
What is the infection rate of clean-contaminated surgical wounds?
Less than or equal to 10%
91
Transmission and effects of HIV
Bloodborne or bodily fluids Compromises the immune system
92
What does e. coli cause?
UTI's Sepsis
93
What does Candida albicans cause?
Yeast infections Thrush Fungal infection
94
Chemical used for low level disinfection
Isopropyl alcohol
95
What are examples of exotoxins?
TB Diphtheria Clostridia
96
Inguinal
97
What does C. botulinum cause?
Food borne botulism
98
Pressure, temp, use, and time for prevacuum
1. 27 psi 2. 270 to 276F 3. Wrapped instruments, basins, linens 4. 15 to 30 minutes
99
What is the function of cilia?
Cleaning
100
Following decontamination and disinfection, all instruments are sent to clean processing for what to happen
1. inspected 2. reassembled in sets 3. packaged for sterilization
101
What incision is this?
Median Sternotomy
102
What is streptococcus mutans
Tooth decay
103
What should never be placed in an autoclave?
Heat sensitive items such as scopes
104
What is surgically clean
Items mechanically cleaned or disinfected, but NOT sterile
105
What is the third phase of primary intention?
Maturation (differentiation) Results in a cicatrix
106
What does rickettsia rickettsia cause?
rocky mountain spotted fever
107
What does Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause?
Deep tissue infections in pt with burns and open fractures Blue/green pus bacteria
108
Who established the first principles of aseptic technique?
Lister
109
What are the physical characteristics of Streptococci
Chain of bacteria
110
What are the physical characteristics of Spirilla
Spiral shaped bacteria
111
What is the infection rate of contaminated surgical wounds?
20%
112
Full Midline
113
What are examples of contaminated surgeries?
Removal of perforated appendix Removal of metal fragments
114
What does bordetella pertussis cause?
Whooping cough
115
What does Haemophilus influenza cause?
bacterial meningitis
116
What is surgical asepsis
procedure for maintaining and creating the sterile field
117
How do gram negative bacteria react to staining?
They do not retain the color and appear red
118
How do gram positive bacteria react to staining?
They retain the color and appear purple
119
What is sterilization
Destroying all microorganisms by steam, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation
120
What degree of wound healing is this?
Third intention (delayed primary)
121
What is disinfectant
An agent that kills micro es on inanimate objects (fomites)
122
What are the four classifications by degree of wound healing
Primary intention (union, first intention) Secondary Intention (granulation) Third intention (delayed primary closure) Vacuum assisted closure (V.A.C negative pressure wound healing)
123
How is the temp raised in the autoclave?
By increasing pressure
124
What does S. pneumonia cause?
Otitis media
125
What are prokaryotes?
Less complex than eukaryotes All bacteria are prokaryotes No nucleus or mitochondria
126
What does Clostridium perfringes cause?
Gas gangrene
127
What does treponema pallidum cause?
venereal disease
128
Example of droplets/airborne transmission
Coughing, sneezing, talking
129
What are the physical characteristics of Staphylococci
Cluster of bacteria
130
What is the cytoplasm?
Jellylike substance where proteins are made
131
What is symbiosis?
Any relationship between both organisms
132
What is bacteriocidal
Able to kill bacteria
133
Do veins carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood
Deoxygenated
134
What suction would be used to irrigate during an appendectomy?
Poole suction
135
Transmission and effects of Hep B
Bloodborne or other bodily fluids Effects the liver
136
What are the characteristics of a contaminated surgical wound?
Open, fresh, accidental wound Major break in aseptic technique Gross spillage from GI tract
137
What does C. trachomatis cause?
Conjunctivitis
138
What is antiseptic
Any substance that inhibits the growth of bacteria (resident bacteria) on the skin
139
What incision is #2
Paramedian
140
What are the four surgical wound classifications?
Clean Clean-contaminated Contaminated Dirty
141
What are some factors that increase the risk of an SSI?
Age Obesity - diminished blood flow, larger wound sizes Carriers of MRSA or S. Aureus -greater risk of infection from their own endogenous flora Remote infections on other body sites Preop hospitalization Preexisting illness
142
What is the most common means of sterilization?
Saturated steam under pressure
143
144
What is sporicidal
Able to kill spores
145
What is this bacteria?
Bacillus
146
What is collagen
white protein contained in connective tissues and bones
147
What does the cell wall do?
Confines and protects
148
What is disinfection
profess of destroying pathogenic microbes except spores

ST Theory II (5 decks)

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