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Criminology Unit 2 > theries test > Flashcards

theries test Flashcards

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1
Q

What is kolbergs theory?

A

suggests that the way we think shapes behaviour, so if criminal are undeveloped they tend to think diferrnet, they are on the pre-convectional stage (3-7) and they will argue why they conmitted they criome but not why its right or wrong, they tend to aviod punishemnt

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2
Q

What are durkhiems 4 postive functions of crime?

A

WARNING LIGHT - lets us know if something isnt woprking
safety valve - a small amount of crime is needed for a functioning society
maintains boundaries - reunites us due to bouding over whats morally right or wrong
enables social change - so we can progress.

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3
Q

What are merton’s 4 modes of adaption?

A

Retreatism - dropouts
innovation - accept goal but achgive illegaitimately
rebellion - new goals and means
rituralism - dead end job

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4
Q

What is lemert’s primary deviance?

A

an act that hasbnt yet been labeled as devinat socially and perp doenst view themsleves as a criminal

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5
Q

What is secondary deviance?

A

Where is has been labeled deviant and that cause others to act difefrently and be labbelled, this becomes matser status

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6
Q

What is law enforcement in marxism?

A

Chambliss suggest that law making is doen in favour of the bourgeoisie and protects there protery, but they are no laws on unequal distrubution

Law enforcemnt is bias and selective enforcement makes this situation worse, they make it out to be the working classes fault and they put health and saftey laws to presnt a caring face

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7
Q

What is right realism>?

A

use practical soultions
argue WCC doesnt effcte the public and that punsihemnet is the way to stop crime.

Bilogical deifferneces - beleive that personality is innate
inadequate socialisation - believe that nuclear familys are breaking downa nd the benefit systmes have dole scrongers unavbel to raise there children succesfully

rational choice theory - beilive we are rational and commit crme based of risk and reward

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8
Q

What is left realism?

A

see inequality and that disadavantaged are usually victims
realative deprivation - media and inequallity increase it, status frustration
subcultures - theses are formed to achive goal becasue means are blocked
Marginalisation - groups lack representation and are isolated, rthey commit crime due to satatus frustaraion and injustice.

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9
Q

What are the difefrent parts of surviellence?

A

Panaopticon - self-surviellence
synopticon - everyobe watches everyone
acturail justice - profilinbg

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10
Q

What are the stuies for twin studies?

A

Lange and Christansen

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11
Q

What was langes results?

A

10/13 MZ twins and 2/17 DZ twins

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12
Q

What was Christiansens resuilts?

A

male had 35% MZ CR and 13% DZ CR

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13
Q

Whta re adoption studies study?

A

Mednick

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14
Q

What was mednicks results?

A

used 14,000 denmark sons and found that biological was 20% and adoptive was 14.7%

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15
Q

What were Jacob’s stats ?

A

15/1000 men had XXY in prison compared to 1/1000 outside

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16
Q

How many living and dead Italian convicts did Lombroso examine?

A

3839 living and 383 dead

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17
Q

How many people did Charles Whitman kill?

A

17

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18
Q

What did raine et al find with PET scans?

A

that in 41 mur4ders there was reduiced activity in the pre-frontal lobes

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19
Q

What were bowlby’s results?

A

14/44 had experienced MD
12/44 were affectionless pyschopaths
2/44 MD in the control group

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20
Q

What age is the pre-conventional stage of Kohlberg’s moral development?

A

(3-7)

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21
Q

Who is ivolved in subculture theroies?

A

COHEN , cloward and ohin

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22
Q

Exaplin cohens idea?

A

suggest that subcultures are a group repsonse to failure

he siad that working class boys end up at the bottom of school due to staus frustaarion

subcultures have an invert social heiracrchyW

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23
Q

hat was ohlin and clowards 3 subculture types?

A

criminal - in area with long standing crime netwrok
conflict - in araes with areas for violence due to frustraion
retreatism - made of dropouts, usually drug users

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24
Q

How does circumstances effect crime?

A

3 excuser for homocide - automatism, loss of control and diminshed responsibilty

lack of law enforcement - WCC ignored, proties

differential enforcemnt - theroies

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25
What are the difefrential enforcemnet theroyies and what are they?
Cicourel - tyification saint and the rough necks - chambliss situational factors - such as time of day, age and calss = Pillavin and BRiar
26
What are the 4 soliclogical policies?
merton and subcultures labbeling theroty surveillence left and right realism
27
Whta is merton=subculture polcies
Benefites sytem - tackles povery equal school opprtunituies in school -lessens statusfructraion education in prison - increase eudcation so, more menas
28
What is the labbeling theory policies?
Decriminalisation - by lessing minor crimes then less labels are given so people can still get jobs diversion policies - go on acourse instead of being in prison
29
hat are ths urviellwnce policies?
CCTV - modern panopticon Profiling - airports
30
What are the right realism policies?
Situational crime preventional - means crimes have less reward or are more risker, target hardening enviromental crime prevention - 2 old = enviromental improvemnt stargetry, clean up and 90 tolerance policy on right to liofe crimes penal p[opulism and inprinsonment - incapationation and detreneceW
31
What are the left realism policies?
Policies to reduce inequality - calls or structural changes to reduce discrimination democratic policing - polci have lost support so have to work close with ciommunities to gain it bcak, succed in dometsic violence and hate crimes Multi-agency = more than one agency should be in contril of crime
32
What are the strengths of twin studies?
+ logical to examine + supporting evidence that there is a higher concordance rate for MZ twins than DZ.
33
What are the weaknesses of twin studies?
- if this is true why isn't concordance rate 100% - early studies didn't have DNA testing
34
What are the strengths of adoption studies?
+ allows us to study the difference between nature and nurture. + supports the genetic explanation
35
What are the weaknesses pf adoption studies?
- children may or may not be adopted immediately - often place children in simialr enviroments to birth family
36
What are the strengths of Jacob's XYY study?
+ found link between XYY and violent offenders
37
What are the weaknesses of Jacob's XYY study?
- isnt proved as a casuse of violenece - very rare syndrome
38
What are the strengths of Lombroso's atavistic form?
+focused on how to prevent crime rather than to punish it +shows the importance of clinical and histoical criminal data
39
What are the weaknesses of Lombroso's atavistic form?
-doesn't show the link between criminality and facial features - contains a racist outlook and can be stereotypical
40
What are the strengths of Sheldon's somatotypes?
+support for findings + most delinquent people in Sheldon's ample were mesomorph
41
What are the weaknesses of Sheldon's somatotypes?
- body type may be due to criminal activity rather - labels have mesomorphs stopped more often, so they have a high arrest rate
42
What are the strengths of brain injuries?
+prisoners are more likely to have an injury +there is a correlation between abnormal EEG readings and psychopathic criminality
43
What are the weaknesses of brain injuries?
-criminals have injuries from actions such as fights - rare event, but original personality plays a role
44
What are the strengths of biochemical?
+ testosterone and male offending rate peaks at the same age + alcohol reduces self-control
45
What are the weaknesses of biochemical?
- some offenders need an environmental trigger - scarmella and brown found that testosterone doesn't effect aggression in the majority of men.
46
What are the strengths of Freud's tripartite personality?
+influences policies for dealing with crime + shows the importance of early socialisation
47
What are the weaknesses of Freud's tripartite?
- unconscious is untestable - explanations are unscientific and subjective
48
What are the strengths of Bowlby's Maternal deprivation?
+ supporting research - 39% thieves had maternal deprivation + shows the impact of parents roles
49
What are the weaknesses of Bowlby's maternal deprivation?
- 61% thieves don't have maternal deprivation -
50
What are the strengths of Bandura's learning theory?
+ show the importance of role models +learn through experience other not just our own
51
What are the weakness of Bandura's learning theory?
- low ecological validity due to it being a lab study - ignores free will and choices
52
What are the strengths of Sutherland's differential association theory?
+ crime often runs in families - supporting real-life evidence + Mathews found that delinquents are more likely to socialise with people who commit anti-social acts
53
What is the weakness of Sutherland's differential association theory?
- not everyone who is exposed to criminal attitude becomes criminal
54
What are the strengths of Eysenck's criminal personality?
+ Have real-life supporting studies such as Charles Manson +shows how measurable tendencies increase the risk of offending
55
What are the weaknesses of Eysenck's criminal personality?
- extraversion measures implusivness and socialisation, (score high on impluse but not social) - Farrington said that offenders aren't all extroverts
56
What are the strengths of Kohlberg moral development?
+ studies show delinquents with immature moral development + Thorton and Reid said this was treu for theft
57
What are the weaknesses of Kohlberg's Moral development?
-This focuses on thinking rather than moral behaviour, you can act immorally but think morally.
58
What are the strengths of Durkheim's functionalist theory?
+first to recognise crime has positive functions
59
What are the weaknesses of Durkheim's functionalist theory?
- crime is not functional for the victims - doesn't say how much deviance is the right amount
60
What are the strengths of Merton's strain theory?
+ normal and deviant behaviour come from the same goals + explains why property crime is high
61
What is the weaknesses of Merton's Strain Theory?
- focuses on utilitarian crimes - ignores the wealthy who commit crimes
62
What are the strengths for Becker's labelling theory and Lemert's self-fulfilling prophecy/
+ focuses on how people create crime with typifications + shows how attempts to control deviance lead to DAS
63
What are the weaknesses of the labelling theories?
_suggests labels are inevitable - suggests offenders are the victims
64
What are the strengths of Marxism?
+ shows that law enforcement is biased + shows poverty and inequality causes working class crime
65
What are the weaknesses of Marxism?
- not all poor people commit crime - focus on class and not other inequalities
66
What are the strengths of right realism?
+ explains opportunistic crimes + supporting studies
67
What are the weaknesses of right realism?
- studies are flawed - not all crimes are due to rational decision
68
What are the strengths of left realism?
+ draws attention to poverty, inequality and relative deprivation + shows the reality of crime
69
What are the weaknesses of left realism?
- not everyone who has experienced relative deprivation commits crime - unrepresentative
70
What are the strengths of Surveillance?
+ helps control and disciplinary power + used to identify other forms of surveillance such as actuarial justice.
71
What are the weaknesses of Surveillance?
- exaggerates extent of control -surveillance may not change behaviour.

Criminology Unit 2 (12 decks)

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