Thermochemistry Flashcards
What is energy?
The capacity to do work
Where does energy come from?
Through photosynthesis, energy from the sun can be converted into chemical energy
What is a closed system?
Energy can come in and out of system
What is an open system?
Energy and mass can come in and out of system
What is an isolated system?
No energy or matter can leave or enter the system
What is calorimetry?
A method used to determine the change in enthalpy of a chemical system
How is energy transferred in a calorimeter?
The energy lost by the chemical system will be gained by the calorimeter
The energy gained by the chemical system will be lost by the calorimeter
What are the assumptions about calorimeters?
The system is totally isolated (no exchange of energy or matter)
Specific heat capacity of water and dilute solutions is: 4.19
The density of water and dilute solutions is 1.00 g/mL
What is kinetic energy?
Moving electrons within atoms
The vibration of atoms connected by chemical bonds
What is potential energy?
Covalent bonds
Ionic bonds
Intermolecular forces
What is enthalpy?
The total kinetic and potential energy in the chemical system
What does enthalpy change represent?
The difference between the enthalpy of the products and reactants
What is an endothermic reaction?
Absorb energy from the surroundings
Positive enthalpy value
Requires more energy to break bonds than to form bonds
Potential energy increased, Kinetic energy decreased
What is a exothermic reaction?
Releases energy to the surroundings
Negative enthalpy value
Requires more energy to form bonds than it does to break bonds
Potential energy is decreased, kinetic energy is increased
All combustion reactions are exothermic
What is Hess’s Law?
States that the addition of chemical equations yields a net chemical equation whose enthalpy change is the sum of the individual enthalpy changes
What are the steps for using Hess’s Law?
- Write the net reaction equation (the “want” or “goal”)
- Manipulate the given equations so they will yield the net equation
- Multiply, divide, and/or reverse the sign of the enthalpy
- Cancel and add the remaining reactant and products to yield the net reaction equation
- Add enthalpies to determine the enthalpy of the net reaction
What is the reference energy state?
SATP (Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure) is an internationally accepted set of conditions that define a standard state
At SATP the potential energy of elements is zero, this is the reference energy state
What is thermal stability?
The tendency of a compound to resist decomposition when heated
A more negative enthalpy is very exothermic meaning the product has a very low potential energy, which means it’s more stable
What is activation energy?
The energy barrier that must be overcome for a chemical reaction to occur
What is an activated complex?
The chemical entity containing the collided reactants in collision reaction theory
What is a catalyst?
A substance that increases the rate of chemical reaction without being consumed itself in the overall process
Reduces the quantity of energy required to start a reaction
Results in a greater yield in same time period
Does not alter the net enthalpy change of reaction
What is bond energy?
Bond breaking requires energy
Bond making releases energy
What are the four ways of predicting change in enthalpy?
Calorimetry
Hess’s Law
Molar Enthalpies of Formation
Bond Energies
How does calorimetry predict the change in enthalpy?
The charge in enthalpy (H) is equal to the change in thermal energy (Q)
