Thigh and Glut Muscles

Question 1

Hip joint movements and spinal cord segments

Answer 1

1.) lateral external rotation (knee up) = L5, S1
2.) medial internal rotation (knee up) = L4, L5
3.) adduction = L2, L3, L4
4.) abduction = L5, S1
5.) extension = L4, L5
6.) flexion = L2, L3

Question 2

Subtalar joint and spinal cord segments

Answer 2

1.) inversion = L4, L5
2.) eversion = L5, S1

Question 3

Metatarsophalangeal and phalangeal joints and spinal cord segments

Answer 3

1.) flexion (toes) = S2, S3
2.) extension (toes) = L5, S1

Question 4

Knee joint and spinal cord segments

Answer 4

1.) extension = L3, L4
2.) flexion = L5, S1

Question 5

Ankle joint and spinal cord segments

Answer 5

1.) dorsiflexion = L4, L5
2.) plantarflexion = S1, S2

Question 6

2 myotatic (deep tendon) reflexes in the lower limb and the corresponding spinal cord segments?

Answer 6

1.) quadriceps (knee jerk) = L3/L4
2.) calcaneal (achilles; ankle jerk) = S1/S2

Question 7

What is the axis of the hip joint where rotation occurs?

Answer 7

mechanical axis

Question 8

What is the axis that goes through the center of both the femur and the tibia?

Answer 8

anatomical axis

Question 9

Any muscle located anteriorly to the mechanical axis does what action?

Answer 9

medial rotation

Question 10

Any muscle located posteriorly to the mechanical axis does what action?

Answer 10

lateral rotation

Question 11

What is the tough fibrous sheath that invests the thigh like a sleeve?

Answer 11

Deep fascia of the thigh (fascia lata)

Question 12

The fascia lata is thickened (laterally or medially) where it forms a band called what?

Answer 12

laterally, iliotibial tract or band (ITT or ITB)

Question 13

The ITT is split in its (upper or lower) part and becomes the tendon for which muscle between its two layers?

Answer 13

tensor fascia latae

Question 14

ITB attaches where? And can act as what?

Answer 14

Gerdy’s tubercle, a tendon

Question 15

What 2 muscles can pull on the ITB?

Answer 15

gluteus maximus
tensor fascia latae

Question 16

Why do we ask patient to bend their knees when conducting an abdominal palpation?

Answer 16

Because the deep fascia connects to the fascia of the abdomen, so bending the knees (flex hip joint) relaxes it.

Question 17

2 groups of gluteal muscles

Answer 17

1.) superficial
2.) deep

Question 18

Superficial gluteal muscles (4) and innervation

Answer 18

1.) glut. maximus
2.) glut. med
3.) glut. minimus
4.) tensor fascia latae (TFL)

1.) inf. gluteal n.
2, 3, 4.) sup. gluteal n.

Question 19

Which of the superficial gluteal muscles is located laterally?

Answer 19

TFL

Question 20

Gluteus maximus (Origin, insertion, function)

Answer 20

Origin:
1.) post. iliac crest
2.) sacrum
3.) coccyx
4.) sacrotuberous ligament

Insertion:
1.) ITB
2.) glut. tub. of femur

Function:
1.) ext. of thigh (@ hip) **
2.) abd. of thigh (@ hip) upper 1/3
3.) add. of thigh (@ hip) lower 2/3
4.) lat. rot. of thigh (@ hip)
5.) post. pelvic tilt
6.) helps lock knee in ext.

Question 21

What attachment allows the glut. max. to help to lock the knee (knee stability)?

Answer 21

ITB

Question 22

Glut. medius? (Origin, insertion, function)

Answer 22

Origin:
1.) external surface of the ilium between the ant. and post. glut. lines

Insertion:
1.) lat. surface of greater trochanter

Function (all @ hip j.)
1.) abduction of thigh (entire muscle)
2.) flex. of thigh (ant. fibers)
3.) med. rot. of thigh (ant. fibers)
4.) ext. of thigh (post. fibers)
5.) lat. rot. of thigh (post fibers)

Question 23

Gluteus minimus (Origin, insertion, function)

Answer 23

Origin:
1.) gluteal surface of illium (between ant. and inf. gluteal lines)

Insertion:
1.) anterior surface of greater trochanter

Function: (all @ hip j.)
1.) abd. of thigh (entire muscle)
2.) flex. of thigh (ant. fibers)
3.) med. rot. of thigh (ant. fibers)
4.) ext. of thigh (post. fibers)
5.) lat. rot. of thigh (post. fibers)

Question 24

What is the deltoid of the hip region?

Answer 24

Gluteus minimus and gluteus medius

Question 25

What is trendelenburg sign and gait?

Answer 25

If glut. medi. and glut. mini. are not functioning

Question 26

What is the test for trendelenburg sign?

Answer 26

Hold hands on wall, raise one leg and observe for drop

Question 27

Tensor fascia latae (Origin, insertion, function)

Answer 27

Origin: 1.) lat. side of ASIS & ant. part of iliac crest Insertion: 1.) tibia (Gerdy's tubercle) via ITB (1/3 of the way down the thigh) Function: 1.) flex. of thigh (@ hip j.) 2.) abd. of thigh (@ hip j.) 3.) med. rot. of thigh (@ hip j.) 4.) ant. pelvic tilt 5.) tenses ITB to support femur on tibia during standing

Question 28

What are the deep gluteal muscles? Innervation?

Answer 28

1.) piriformis 2.) sup. gemellus 3.) obturator internus 4) inferior gemellus 5) quadratus femoris 6.) obturator externus 1-5 are innervated by sacral plexus 6 is lumbar plexus

Question 29

What function can all deep gluteal muscles do?

Answer 29

Lateral rotation

Question 30

Which 4 muscles in the deep gluteal group do abduction? Which 2 do adduction?

Answer 30

Abduction: 1.) piriformis 2.) sup. gemellus 3.) obturator internus 4.) inferior gemellus Adduction: 1.) quadratus femoris 2.) Obt. ext.

Question 31

Piriformis (Origin, insertion, function)

Answer 31

Origin: 1.) Anterior sacrum Insertion: 1.) superior border of greater trochanter Function (@ hip j.): 1.) Lat. rot. of thigh (when hip is extended) 2.) Horizontal abd. of thigh

Question 32

When we flex the hip joint what type of rotation does the piriformis do?

Answer 32

medial rotation

Question 33

What is it called when the sciatic nerve passes through the piriformis muscle or splits? What happens?

Answer 33

piriformis syndrome, the nerve is pinched and causes pain

Question 34

What 2 nerves are in the sheath of the sciatic nerve?

Answer 34

1.) common fibula n. 2.) tibial

Question 35

Superior gemellus (Origin, insertion, function)

Answer 35

Origin: 1.) ischial spine Insertion: 1.) medial surface of the greater trochanter Function (@ hip j.) 1.) lat. rotation of thigh 2.) horizontal abd. of thigh

Question 36

Obturator internus (Origin, insertion, function)

Answer 36

Origin: 1.) inner surface of obturator membrane Insertion: 1.) medial surface of the greater trochanter Function (@ hip j.) 1.) lat. rotation of thigh 2.) horizontal abd. of thigh

Question 37

Inferior gemellus (Origin, insertion, function)

Answer 37

Origin: 1.) ischial tuberosity Insertion: 1.) medial surface of greater trochanter Function (@ hip j.) 1.) Lat. rot. of thigh 2.) Horizontal abd. of thigh

Question 38

Quadratus femoris (Origin, insertion, function)

Answer 38

Origin: 1.) ischial tuberosity Insertion: 1.) quadrate tubercle of femur Function (@ hip j.) 1.) Lat. rot. of thigh 2.) horizonal add. of thigh

Question 39

Obturator externus (Origin, insertion, function)

Answer 39

Origin: 1.) outer surface of the obturator membrane Insertion: 2.) trochanteric fossa Function (@ hip j.): 1.) Lat. rot. of thigh 2.) horizonal add. of thigh (weak) LUMBAR PLEXUS

Question 40

What surrounds the compartments of the leg?

Answer 40

deep fascia

Question 41

How many compartments do we have for the thigh?

Answer 41

3 (ant., med., post)

Question 42

Which compartment are the extensor muscles of the knee joint in? What nerve? One exception?

Answer 42

anterior, femoral

Question 43

Which compartment are the adductor muscles of hip. j. in? What nerve? What exception?

Answer 43

medial, mainly obturator nerve

Question 44

Which compartment are the flexor muscles of the knee in? Nerve?

Answer 44

posterior. sciatic nerve

Question 45

Muscles of the posterior thigh?Innervation?

Answer 45

1.) biceps femoris Nerve: tibial (long head) and common fibular *peroneal* (short head) 2.) semitendinosus Nerve: tibial 3.) semimembranosus Nerve: tibial

Question 46

Biceps femoris

Answer 46

Origin: 1.) long head: ischial tuberosity 2.) short head: linea aspera Insertion: 1.) head of fibula 2.) lateral condyle of tibia Function: (@ hip. 1.) flex. of leg @ knee j. (entire m) 2.) ext. of thigh @ hip j. (long head) 3.) lat. rot. of leg @ knee j. when knee is flexed

Question 47

Semitendinosus (Origin, insertion, function)

Answer 47

Origin: 1.) ischial tuberosity Insertion: 1.) prox. part. of medial surface of shaft of tibia (forms Pes anserine tendon) Function: 1.) flex. of leg (knee j) 2.) ext. of thigh (hip j) 3.) med. rot of leg (knee j) when knee is flexed

Question 48

Semimembranosus (Origin, insertion, function)

Answer 48

Origin: 1.) ischial tuberosity Insertion: 1.) post. aspect of med. condyle of tibia Function: 1.) flex. of leg (knee j.) 2.) ext. of thigh (hip j.) 3.) med. rot. of leg (knee j.) when knee is flexed

Question 49

_________ is known as the lateral hamstring ___________ are known as the medial hamstrings.

Answer 49

biceps ST & SM

Question 50

Which muscle shortening contributes to lower back pain? What tilt does this cause

Answer 50

hamstring, posterior