Lecture 11: Lower limb bones, hip

Question 1

What are the 3 bones of the hip bone?

Answer 1

1.) illium
2.) ischium
3.) pubis

Question 2

What does the sacrum articulate superiorly, inferiorly, laterally?

Answer 2

sup: L5
inf: coxxyx
lat: 2 hip bones

Question 3

What are the lateral surfaces called on the sacrum that articulate with the hip bones?

Answer 3

auricular surface

Question 4

What does the spinal canal become in the sacrum?

Answer 4

sacral canal

Question 5

Which surface of the sacrum are the sacral crests located?

Answer 5

posterior

Question 6

What permits the passage for posterior rami of SI-S4 nerves?

Answer 6

posterior sacral foramina

Question 7

What permits the passage for the anterior rami of the sacral nerves S1-S4?

Answer 7

anterior sacral foramina

Question 8

What does L5 vertebrae sit on anteriorly?

Answer 8

sacral promontory

Question 9

What are the wings of the sacrum known as?

Answer 9

sacral ala

Question 10

Which structures/arrangement of sacrum and coccyx protects the exiting coccygeal nerve?

Answer 10

sacral cornu (horn)
coccygeal cornu (horn)

Question 11

Which hip bone is the most superior, thickest and densest?

Answer 11

the illium

Question 12

Which hip bone is the second largest, still thick and dense qualities, and posterior-inferior? What is it referred to?

Answer 12

ischium, sit bone

Question 13

Which hip bone is the smallest, sharpest and anterior-inferior? What important muscles attaches to the pubic tubercle of this bone?

Answer 13

pubis, rectus abdominis

Question 14

What 3 bones are only held together by cartilage prior to adolescence?

Answer 14

illium, ischium, pubis

Question 15

What is the socket of the hip bone called? Where all 3 bones fuse?

Answer 15

acetabulum

Question 16

What is the huge hole which sits inferior to the acetabulum? What is its function?

Answer 16

obturator foramen, protection for important nerves and vessels as they travel to the thigh

Question 17

Important lateral surfaces on the ilium? (6)

Answer 17

1.) the iliac crest
2.) iliac tubercle (tuberculum)
3.) post. gluteal line
4.) ant. gluteal line
5.) inf. gluteal line
6.) supra-acetabular groove (sulcus)

Question 18

Important internal surface bony landmarks on the ilium? (6)

Answer 18

1.) iliac fossa
2.) auricular surface
3.) iliac tuberosity
4.) arcuate line
5.) iliopectineal (iliopubic) eminence

Question 19

What are the surfaces called on the hip bone that articulate with the sacrum?

Answer 19

auricular surface

Question 20

Which space/cup on the hip bone is where the internal organs can sit and be protected?

Answer 20

iliac fossa

Question 21

What is the important bony, rigid attachment point for many powerful ligaments that support the SI joint?

Answer 21

iliac tuberosity

Question 22

Which thin, delicate landmark runs down the base of the ilium and helps us divide upper and lower pelvis?

Answer 22

arcuate line

Question 23

What is the bony, prominent line that acts as attachment point of the ilium to the pubis?

Answer 23

iliopectineal (iliopubic) eminence

Question 24

Important medial and lateral bony landmarks of the hip bone?

Answer 24

1.) Ant. sup. iliac spine (ASIS-front)
2.) Ant. inf. iliac spine (AIIS- front)
3.) Post. sup. iliac spine (PSIS- back)
4.) Post. inf. iliac spine (PIIS- back)
5.) greater sciatic notch

Question 25

What are the sharp projections that come off of a parent bone?

Answer 25

spines

Question 26

What is the thumb-like hole in the ilium? What does it do?

Answer 26

greater sciatic notch, accommodates the passage of the sciatic nerve

Question 27

Medial/lateral bony landmarks of the ischium bone? (6)

Answer 27

1.) body 2.) ischial spine 3.) greater sciatic notch 4.) lesser sciatic notch 5.) ischial tuberosity 6.) the ischium ramus (inf. border)

Question 28

Where does the sciatic notch sit?

Answer 28

between the post. inf. iliac spine and ischial spine

Question 29

What is the arm/bridge on the ischium?

Answer 29

ischial ramus

Question 30

The ischial tuberosity is only seen on what side of the ischium?

Answer 30

lateral, it is not seen on the medial side

Question 31

Medial/lateral bony landmarks of the pubic bone?

Answer 31

1.) body 2.) superior ramus a. pectineal line b. iliopectineal eminence 3.) inferior ramus a. ischiopubic ramus 4.) obturator foramen 5.) pubic symphysis 6.) pubic crest 7.) pubic tubercle

Question 32

Which ramus of the pubis meets with the ilium?

Answer 32

the superior, via the iliopectineal eminence

Question 33

Which really sharp line is superior to the iliopectineal eminence?

Answer 33

pectineal line

Question 34

Which bony landmarks border the obturator foramen?

Answer 34

iliopubic (iliopectineal) ramus ischiopubic ramus

Question 35

Which is slightly more medial? The pubic crest or the pubic tubercle?

Answer 35

The pubic crest

Question 36

Bony landmarks of the acetabulum?

Answer 36

1.) rim or margin 2.) acetabular notch 3.) acetabular fossa 4.) lunate surface 5.) acetabular labrum

Question 37

What is the outer sharp margin and forms the acetabular notch at the bottom of the acetabulum called?

Answer 37

rim or margin

Question 38

Is the acetabular notch an articulate surface?

Answer 38

No, it serves as an attachment point for ligaments

Question 39

Where does the head of the femur sit within the acetabulum?

Answer 39

acetabular fossa

Question 40

What uses the lunate surface as an attachment point?

Answer 40

Acetabular labrum

Question 41

What improves congruency between acetabulum and the femur?

Answer 41

acetabular labrum

Question 42

Bony landmarks of the femur?

Answer 42

1.) head (fovea capitis femoris (fovea of the head) 2.) neck 3.) greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) 4.) lesser trochanter 5.) intertrochanteric line 6.) intertrochanteric crest (quadrate tubercle)

Question 43

What part of the femur sits in the acetabullum?

Answer 43

head

Question 44

All of the head of the femur is covered in articular cartilage EXCEPT what little divot? Why?

Answer 44

the fovea capitis femoris, it serves as an attachment point for the ligament

Question 45

What is the head of the femur supported by?

Answer 45

neck

Question 46

What are the 2 prominent bumps projecting off the neck?

Answer 46

greater (larger) and lesser (smaller) trochanter

Question 47

What allows us to be bipedal?

Answer 47

The angle of the neck of the femur

Question 48

When side/s is the lesser trochanter viewed from?

Answer 48

posterior ONLY

Question 49

What side/s is the greater trochanter viewed from?

Answer 49

both posterior and anterior

Question 50

What is the divot in the greater trochanter called?

Answer 50

trochanter fossa

Question 51

On the anterior side, what connects greater trochanter to lesser trochanter?

Answer 51

intertrochanteric line

Question 52

On the posterior side, What connects greater trochanter to lesser trochanter?

Answer 52

intertrochanteric crest

Question 53

Which surface of the femur is very smooth?

Answer 53

anterior

Question 54

What is the thick, prominent ridge that runs down the posterior side of the femur?

Answer 54

linea aspera

Question 55

The linea aspera gives rise to 2 key features. Which one is on the lateral surface? Which is on the medial surface?

Answer 55

lateral- gluteal tuberosity medial- pectineal line

Question 56

How many pectineal lines do we have in the body? Where are they?

Answer 56

2, pubis and femur

Question 57

What are the ridges that flare out on the distal end of the femur?

Answer 57

supracondylar ridges

Question 58

What are inferior rounded edges of the femur?

Answer 58

medial and lateral condyle

Question 59

On each condyle, what are the smaller more prominent ridges?

Answer 59

medial and lateral epicondyle

Question 60

Are the epicondyles similar sizes? Or quite different like in the humerus?

Answer 60

similar

Question 61

What is unique about the medial epicondyle?

Answer 61

It has the adductor tubercle- more prominent bump found just superior to medial epicondyle.

Question 62

Where are the articular surfaces of the condyles? Which is connected? Why? Which is separated? Why?

Answer 62

anterior (connected, makes a shallow depression that will accommodate the knee cap) and posterior (separated-intercondylar fossa, to accommodate the intercondylar eminences)

Question 63

What surface does the patella (knee cap) articulate with?

Answer 63

anterior surface of the knee

Question 64

The patella has a rounded superior edge called the __________ and a pointed inferior edge called ___________.

Answer 64

base, apex

Question 65

Which surface of the patella articulates with the medial and lateral condyles of the femur?

Answer 65

posterior side

Question 66

Which articulate surface on the patella is smaller?

Answer 66

Lateral

Question 67

Bony landmarks of the tibia

Answer 67

PROXIMAL END 1.) medial condyle 2.) lateral condyle (fibular facet) 3.) sp. articulate surface 4.) intercondylar eminence 5.) tibial tuberosity 6.) Gerdy's tubercle 7.) body or shaft (3 borders (ant. med and lat) (3 surfaces (ant, med, post) (soleal line) DISTAL END 1.) medial malleolus 2.) lateral surface (fibular notch) 3.) interior surface

Question 68

Which of the leg bones is larges and weight baring?

Answer 68

tibia

Question 69

The medial and lateral condyles on the proximal end of the tibia match with the condyles of which bone?

Answer 69

femur

Question 70

Where does the fibula articulate with the tibia?

Answer 70

Just distal to the lateral condyle, on the posterior side of the tibia, called fibular facet

Question 71

Where does the fibula have articulate surfaces with to form joints?

Answer 71

Tibia and ankle NOT the knee

Question 72

Between the articular surfaces of the prox. tibia, what are the 2 mountains? Superior extensions?

Answer 72

intercondylar eminences

Question 73

On the anterior aspect of the tibia, what is the prominent bump between the condyles? Where is this seen?

Answer 73

tibial tuberosity, just distal to the patella

Question 74

On the lateral aspect of the tibia, there is a flared edge called what? Important attachment point for what?

Answer 74

Gerdy's tubercle, important powerful muscles of the leg

Question 75

How is tibia body different from femur?

Answer 75

it is sharp and edgy, femur is smooth and round, tibia is also just subcutaneous

Question 76

What are the 3 borders of the body of the tibia? Which are easily palpatable?

Answer 76

ant, med. and lat. anterior and medial (subcutaneous/ medial surface)

Question 77

Which surfaces of the body of the tibia are covered by muscle?

Answer 77

Anterior and posterior

Question 78

Which side of the tibia is bounded by deep powerful muscle? What line is found there?

Answer 78

posterior surface, soleal line

Question 79

The medial malleolus is also known as what?

Answer 79

ankle bone

Question 80

On the lateral surface of the tibia you will find what notch?

Answer 80

fibular notch, where the fibula will articulate

Question 81

What are the fibula and tibia connected by?

Answer 81

interosseus membrane

Question 82

If you need a bone graft, where does it come from?

Answer 82

The shaft of the fibula (and the person can walk with no problems)

Question 83

What is the point on the head of the fibula?

Answer 83

apex

Question 84

Are any surfaces of the fibula palpatable?

Answer 84

no

Question 85

Distally, the fibula has what? That matches up with the medial malleolus of the tibia?

Answer 85

Lateral malleolus

Question 86

What is the little divot on the distal end of the fibula for a ligament to attach?

Answer 86

malleolar fossa

Question 87

Where is the articulate point for the bone of the ankle?

Answer 87

Between the lateral malleolus of the fibula and the medial malleolus of the tibia

Question 88

What are the 3 major regions of the foot complex?

Answer 88

1.) tarsus 2.) metatarsus 3.) phalanges

Question 89

How many tarsal bones are they?

Answer 89

7

Question 90

What are in the proximal group of foot bones? (2)

Answer 90

1.) talus 2.) calcaneus

Question 91

What are in the intermediate group of foot bones? (1)

Answer 91

1.) navicular

Question 92

What are in the distal group of foot bones?

Answer 92

cuniforms 1.) medial 2.) intermediate 3.) lateral 4.) cuboid

Question 93

Metatarsals (5) are between which 2 groups?

Answer 93

Cuniforms (distal) and phalanges

Question 94

What are the different phalanges? What sets #1/big toe apart?

Answer 94

proximal, middle, distal (#1 doesn't have a middle

Question 95

What structures does the talus articulate with on its: 1.) superior surface and lateral surface 2.) inferior/posterior surface 3.) anterior surface

Answer 95

1.) distal end of tibia, lateral malleolus, medial malleolus, 2.) calcaneus 3.) navicular

Question 96

What is the heel bone called?

Answer 96

calcaneus

Question 97

What are the important articular surfaces of the calcaneus? 1.) superior, middle, anterior 2.) anterior

Answer 97

1.) talus 2.) cuboid

Question 98

Space where the talus doesn't quite fit with the calcaneus?

Answer 98

sulcus tali (sinus)

Question 99

What is the surface of the food that first comes into contact with the ground?

Answer 99

calcaneal tuberosity

Question 100

What bone may come into contact with the ground if you have a collapsed arch? (deep within the foot)

Answer 100

calcaneal tubercle

Question 101

On the medial side of the foot, what is the arm that juts out? What does it do?

Answer 101

sustentaculum tali, holds up the talus ensuring it won't collapse

Question 102

How many articular surfaces are on the calcaneus medial side for the talus to sit? How many for cuboid?

Answer 102

3 (ant, post, mid) 1 (ant)

Question 103

What is the part of the bone jutting out on the medial side only called?

Answer 103

sustentaculum tali

Question 104

On the lateral view, there is small bump called the ___________. It is important for tendons to bend around the foot

Answer 104

fibular (peroneal) tubercle or trochlea

Question 105

What is the opening between the talus and the calcaneus? What can happen here?

Answer 105

Tarsal sinus, entrapment (tarsal sinus syndrome through compression of tendons)

Question 106

The navicular bone articulates with: 1.) posteriorly 2.) anteriorly 3.) medial

Answer 106

1.) talus 2.) cuneiform bones 3.) bump that is the navicular tuberosity

Question 107

Cuboid articulate surfaces: 1.) posteriorly 2.) anteriorly

Answer 107

1.) calcaneus bone 2.) metatarsals (4,5)

Question 108

How are the cuneiforms named?

Answer 108

How they fall anatomically (med. int. lat)

Question 109

Articular surfaces of the cuneiforms: 1.) anteriorly 2.) posteriorly

Answer 109

1.) med= 1st toe int= 2nd toe lat= 3rd toe 2.) navicular

Question 110

Which side of the metatarsals are distal?

Answer 110

head

Question 111

What is the axis of the foot? Add/Abduction happens around which toe?

Answer 111

digit 2