Things I find hard to remember Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
What is autonomic supply to the pelvic organs via?
A
Pelvic plexus
2
Q
Innervation of female genital tract
A
Parasympathetic S2-S4
Sympathetic from pelvic and ovarian plexuses
3
Q
Innervation of erectile tissue
A
Parasympathetic S2-S4 via hypogastric plexus
4
Q
Innervation of cremaster muscle
A
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
5
Q
What do the internal iliac nodes drain (repro)?
A
Gluteal region Deep structures of penis Deep perineum Inferior pelvic viscera Prostate Seminal vesicle
6
Q
What do the sacral nodes drain?
A
Prostate
Postero-inferior pelvic structures
Inferior rectum
7
Q
What do the common iliac vessels drain?
A
External lymph nodes
Internal lymph nodes
Sacral lymph nodes
8
Q
Difference between M and F false pelvis
A
M = deep F = shallow
9
Q
Difference between M and F true pelvis
A
M = narrow and deep F = wide and shallow
10
Q
Difference of pelvic inlet M and F
A
M = heart shaped F = oval shaped
11
Q
Difference of obturator foramen M and F
A
M = Circular F = Oval
12
Q
Ligaments of support to uterus
A
Cardinal
Pubocervical
Sacrocervical
Pelvic diaphragm
13
Q
Lymphatic drainage of tesits
A
Lumbar
Para-aortic
14
Q
What does the cardinal ligament contain?
A
Uterine arteries and veins
15
Q
What is most part of the uterine body drained by?
A
External iliac nodes
16
Q
What is the uterine cervix and upper vagina drained by?
A
Internal iliac nodes
17
Q
What is the opening of the cervix drained by?
A
Sacral nodes
18
Q
What umbilical structure persists during foetal circulation and as what?
A
Left umbilical vein
Foramen venosus
19
Q
What are the axillary nodes?
A
Apical Central Pectoral / anterior Subscapular / posterior Humeral / lateral
20
Q
Function of the perineal membrane
A
Fix and stabilise perineal body
21
Q
Function of bulbospongiosus
A
Removal of residual urine after urination in males
Pulsatile emission of semen during ejaculation
Compress urethra
Females ; closes vaginal canal
Facilitates ejection of clitoris
22
Q
Function of ischiocavernosus
A
Stabilises erection
Compresses crus penis and retards the return of blood through the veins therefore the organ maintains erect
23
Q
Function of the perineal body
A
Point of attachment for muscle fibres of the pelvic floor and the perineum
Final support of pelvic viscera
24
Q
Where is the internal urethral sphincter found?
A
Superficial perineal space
25
What does the internal pudendal vein drain?
Urethral bulb
Perianal Veins
Inferior haemorrhoidal veins
26
Function of coracoacromial arch
To prevent upward displacement of the humeral head
27
Actions of pec major
Adduction
internal rotation
Flexion
28
Action of supraspinatus
Abduction
29
What muscles cause lateral rotation of the shoulder?
Teres minor
Infraspinatus
Posterior fibres of the deltoid
Lower trapezius
30
What roots and cords are musculocutaneous nerve?
C5-C7
| Lateral cord
31
What roots and cord are axillary nerve?
C5 + C7
| Posterior cord
32
What roots and cord are median nerve?
C5-T1
| Lateral and medial cords
33
What roots and cords are the radial nerve?
C5-T1
| Posterior cord
34
What roots and cords are the ulnar nerve?
C8-T1
| Medial cord
35
Actions of coracobrachialis
Flexion at shoulder
| Adduction at shoulder
36
What is the position of the median nerve in relation to the axillary artery?
Lateral
37
What is the position of the ulnar nerve in relation to the brachial and ulnar arteries?
Medial
38
Action of brachioradialis
Flexion at elbow
39
What is the palmar fascia/aponeurosis a continuation of?
The palmaris longus
40
What is the flexor retinaculum?
A strong fibrous band which converts the concavity of the palmar surface (carpal bones) into a channel -> the carpal tunnel
41
Innervation of adductor pollicus
Ulnar nerve
42
What bones are found in the anatomical snuffbox?
Scaphoid
| Trapezium
43
What forms extensor expansions?
4 extensor digitorum tends flattening
44
What do the superficial inguinal nodes drain?
Skin of buttocks
Thigh
Anterior calf
Dorsum of foot
45
What do popliteal nodes drain?
Posterior calf
| Skin on plantar side of foot
46
Actions of sartorius
Flexion of hip
Flexion of knee
Abduction of hip
Lateral rotation of hip
47
What is the largest branch of the lumbar plexus?
Femoral nerve
48
Medial border of femoral triangle
Adductor longus
49
Lateral border of femoral triangle
Sartorius
50
Superior border of femoral triangle
Inguinal ligament
51
Base of femoral triangle
Pectinus
iliopsoas
Adductor longus
52
Nerve roots of the lumbar plexus
T12-L4
53
Nerve roots of sacral plexus
L4-S4
54
Actions of iliotibial tract
Extension of hip
Abduction of hip
Lateral rotation of hip
Lateral knee stabilisation
55
Sciatic nerve roots
L4-S3
56
What is the malleolar mortise formed from?
Transverse part of the posterior tibial ligament
| Lower end of the tibia and fibia
57
When is the ankle joint unstable?
During plantar flexion
58
What are the lateral ligaments of the ankle?
Anterior talofibular
Posterior talofibular
Calcenofibular
59
Action of quadratus plantae
Flexion of the 4 digits
60
Nerve roots of the tibial nerve
L4-S3
61
What is the subtalar joint?
Talo-calcaneal joint
62
What type of joint is the subtalar joint?
Synovial plane
63
What type of joint is the talus-navicular joint?
Ball and socket
64
What helps with uneven ground / balancing on 1 leg?
Articulated ball and socket between talus and navicular bones allowing pivot
Joints between talus and calcaneous allowin side to side movements
Some movements at the transverse talar joint
65
Innervation of the quadratus plantae
Lateral plantar nerve
66
Function of foot arches
Distribute body weight
| Act as shock absorbers
67
Function of calcaneonavicular ligament
Resist force of weight on bones
Maintain medial longitudinal arch
Contributes to subtalar joints
68
Function of popliteus
Unlocks knee by lateral rotation
69
Where does the popliteus arise?
Lateral collateral ligament
70
Passive factors maintaining the integrity of the arches?
Shape of the united bones
Plantar aponeurosis
Long plantar ligament
Short plantar ligament
71
Dynamic factors maintaining the integrity of the arches?
Intrinsic muscles of the foot
Long flexor tendons
Tendon of tibialis anterior and the fibularis longus
72
Type of joint between C1-C2
Synovial pivot
73
Type of joint between C1 - skull
Synovial ellipsoid
74
Joint type between vertebral bodies
Synovial plane
75
Joint type between intervertebral discs
secondary cartilagenous
76
Action of piriformis
Lateral rotation
| Abduction
77
Bones that make up the subtalar joint
Talus
| Calcaneous
78
Nerve roots of the superficial fibular nerve
L4-S1
79
Nerve roots of the deep fibular nerve
L4-S1
80
Nerve roots of the common fibular nerve
L4-S2
81
Superior boundary of the deep perineal pouch
Urogenital diaphragm
82
Inferior boundary of the deep perineal pouch
Perineal membrane
83
Lateral boundaries of the deep perineal pouch
Obturator internus
84
Where is the external urethral sphincter found?
Deep perineal pouch
85
What is the least mobile part of the uterus?
Cervix
86
Branch of subclavian supplying the breast
Internal thoracic
87
Branch of axillary supplying the breast
Lateral thoracic
88
Functions of clavicle
Protects brachial plexus
Attaches limb to body
Transmits force from limb to axial
89
Where does the coracoclavicular ligament attach to on the clavicle?
Conoid tubercle
| Trapezoid line
90
Function of teres minor
Abduction
| Lateral rotation
91
What is the upper trunk?
C5 + C6
92
What is the middle trunk?
C7
93
What is the lower trunk?
C8 + C9
94
What is different about the medial epidcondyle of the humerus compared to the lateral?
Larger
| Extends more
95
Where does the biceps brachii attach?
Radial tuberosity
96
Where does the brachialis attach?
Ulnar tuberosity and coronoid process of the ulna
97
What are the articulating parts of the elbow?
Trochlear notch => Trochlea
Head of radius => capitulum
Olecranon => olecranon fossa
98
Where do superficial muscles of the anterior forearm originate?
Medial epicondyle
99
Where does the FDS attach?
Middle phalanges 2-5
100
Where does the FDP attach?
Distal phalanges 2-5
101
Medial border of anatomical snuffbox
Extensor pollcius longus
102
Where do the lumbricals originate from?
Flexor digitorum profundus
103
Innervation of Pectoralis major
Medial and lateral pectoral nerves
104
What cord does the medial and lateral pectoral nerves arise from?
Lateral cord
105
What does the axillary nerve supply?
Deltoid
| Teres minor
106
What innervates the subscapularis?
Subscapular nerves
107
What innervates the teres major?
Subscapular nerves
108
What innervates the lattisimus dorsi?
Thoracodorsal nerve
109
What innervates the supra and infraspinatus?
Suprascapular nerve
110
What innervates the rhomboids?
Dorsal scapular nerve
111
What innervates levator scapulae?
C3 - C5
112
Where does the extensor digitorum arise from?
Lateral epicondyle
113
Where do the main superficial veins of the upper limb arise?
Subcutaneous tissue in the dorsum of the hand
114
What pathology can synovial sheaths covering the extensor tendons communicate with?
Synovial cyst / ganglion
115
Where does the dorsa; expansion wrap around?
Dorsum and sides of the head of metacarpal
| Base of proximal phalanx
116
Causes of venous stasis
Muscular inactivity
| External pressure on veins
117
What dermatomes make up the two halves of the foot?
S1 and L5
118
Why is the hip joint more stable than the shoulder match?
Ball of hip completely surrounded by socket of the pelvis
| The shoulder joint is more like a golf ball resting on a tee
119
Function of iliofemoral ligament
Prevention of hyperextension
120
Function of pubofemoral ligament
Prevention of hyperabduction
121
Innervation of illiacus, psoas major and pectinus
illiacus - femoral
psoas major - L1-L3 anterior rami
Pectinus - femoral
122
When is the gluteus maximus muscle strong?
Standing from sitting position
| Climbing stairs
123
When is the gluteus maximus relatively inactive?
Normal walking
124
Where do the abductor muscles insert?
Greater trochanter of femur
125
Injury to the nerves supplying the hip abductors can be caused by what? And what does this cause?
Hip replacement surgery
| Trendelenberg gait
126
Action of rectus femoris on hip
Stabilises hip joint
| Helps iliopsoas flex hip joint
127
What is found above the platella?
Quadriceps tendon
128
What is found below the platella?
Patellar ligament
129
Where does the Sartorius cross the hip and knee joints?
Hip anteriorly
| Knee posteriorly
130
Lumbar plexus roots
T12-L4
131
Action of iliotibial tract
Extension of hip
Abduction of hip
External rotation of hip
Lateral knee stabilisation
132
Nerve supply to piriformis
S1 + S2
133
Nerve supply to obturator internus
L5 - S2
134
Which ligament of the ankle joint is the weakest?
Lateral
135
Another name for the medial ligament of the ankle
Deltoid ligament
136
What is flexion of the toes essential for?
The push off from the ground phase of the gait cycle
137
What does extensor pollicus brevis do?
Extends MCP joint
138
What does extensor pollicus longus do?
Extends MCP joint and IP joint
139
Function of subacromial bursae
Seperates superior surface of the supraspinatus from coracoacromial ligament, acromion and coracoid and deep deltoid muscle
140
Action of subscapularis
Internal rotation
141
What inserts onto greater tubercle of humerus?
Supraspinatus
infraspinatus
Teres minor
142
What inserts onto lesser tubercle of humerus?
Subscapularis
143
Function of sacrotuberus and sacrospinous ligaments
Strengthen sacroiliac joints
144
Function of pelvic floor
Divides pelvis from the perineum
| Supports pelvic viscera
145
What covers the levator ani muscles and the coccygeus?
Dense layer of pelvic fascia
146
Difference between tunica albinguera and tunica vaginalis
Albinguera very inside
| Vaginalis more outside it
147
What is the internal pudendal artery a branch of?
Superior gluteal artery which is a branch of the internal iliac artery
148
Supply to vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and epididymis
Sympathetic L1 + L2 via hypogastric plexus
149
What is the corpus spongiosum around?
The urethra
150
What do the external iliac lymph nodes drain?
inferior pelvic structures
deep perineal structures
Sacral nodes
Seminal vesicles
151
Function of accessory glands (repro)
Support gametes and lubricate copulatory organs
152
What nerves are found in the spermatic cord?
Genital branch of the genito femoral nerve
| Autonomic nerves
153
Where do the R and L testicular and ovarian veins drain to?
R => IVC
| L => Left renal vein
154
What is found in older men in the prostate on histology?
Eosinophilic masses called corpora amylacae
155
What is a corneal ectopic pregnancy?
Ectopic pregnancy that develops in the intestinal portion of the fallopian tube invading through the uterine wall
156
Function of superficial and deep perineal muscles
Stabilise position of the perineal body
