things i have got wrong Flashcards
what does the medulla oblongata send to the SAN
impulses (not signals)
sends MORE than normal to increase heart rate
what are ribosomes made from
RNA
amino acids
structure of glycogen
made from monomers of alpha glucose
1,4 and 1,6 glycosydic bonds
highly branched
describe the cotransport mechanism
Na+ binds to carrier/channel protein and carrier molecule
protein changes tertiary structure to allow Na+ and carrier to enter cell
Concentration gradient is maintained by Na+/K+ pump
With use of ATP
what happens if the CSM of plants is disrupted
may lose ions which can lead to cell death
why does temperature need to be constant when measuring something to do with plants
so rate of diffusion is constant
so kinetic energy is constant
describe the process of phagocytosis
pathogen is engulfed and enclosed in a phagosome
phagosome fuses with lysosome
pathogen is destroyed by hydrolytic enzymes
proteins of pathogen are processsed and displayed on CSM
how does too much sodium in the blood lead to a build up of tissue fluid
lower water potential of tissue fluid
so less water returns to the capillary by osmosis at the venule end
higher blood pressure
so more fluid pushed out at arteriole end
how do bacteria reproduce
divide by binary fission
circular DNA is replicated
cytoplasm divides to produce 2 daughter cells
each with a single copy of the circular DNA
how are proteins denatured
breaks hydrogen/ ionic bonds between R groups
why are extracellular proteases important
to hydrolyse/ digest protein
so amino acids can be absorbed for growth
why are diproteases important in the gut
to hydrolyse the peptide bond
as amino acids can cross the cell membrane
what is the reaction for ATP synthesis
ADP + Pi —> ATP + H2O
why is it better to use 2 antibiotics at the same time
unlikely that bacteria will be resistant to both antibiotics
one antibiotic won’t kill all bacteria
resistant bacteria will reproduce to create more resistant bacteria
Describe how presentation of a virus antigen leads to the secretion of an antibody against this virus antigen
TH cells bind to antigen on the antigen-presenting cell (e.g phagocyte)
TH cell stimulates specific B cell
B cell divides by mitosis
to form plasma cells which release the specific antibody
what are three comparisons of genetic diversity
The (base) sequence of DNA
2. The (base) sequence of mRNA
3. The amino acid sequence (of proteins)
adaptations of the tracheal system for efficient gas exchange
Tracheoles have thin walls so short
diffusion distance to cells
Highly branched/large number of
tracheoles so short diffusion distance to
cells and larger surface area for gas exchange
Tracheae provide tubes full of air so fast
diffusion
Fluid in the end of the tracheoles that
moves out (into tissues) during exercise to increase the space in tracheoles available for oxygen to move in so faster diffusion through the air to the gas exchange surface
Body can be moved (by muscles) to move
air so maintains diffusion/concentration
gradient for oxygen/carbon dioxide
why is more oxygen needed for animals which move a lot
they have a higher metabolic rate
so use more oxygen
how to make an experiment reliable
random sampling
calculate standard deviation from the mean then do T test
use a large sample
what is the use of fatty acids/ amino acids in the mitochondria
can be oxidised to produce ATP
what happens if there are more individuals in a population
more intraspecific competition
what is the benefit of having more muscle fibres
more mitochondria so more ATP
less anerobic respiration
less lactate
so can exercise for longer
what happens if the light-dependent reaction is inhibited
less NADPH
less ATP
less GP converted into TP
explain allopatric speciation
population becomes reproductively isolated
gene pools are separate
eventually can’t breed to produce fertile offspring
change in frequency of alleles
disruptive selection
