THINGS IM IFFY ON

Question 1

In multivariate designs what establishes covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity

Answer 1

covariance: correlational research
temporal precedence: longitudinal design
internal validity: multiple regression analyses

Question 2

external validity in factorial designs

Answer 2

interactions show moderators

Question 3

when given a factorial design table, how do you find if there is a main effect

Answer 3

average values across for each condition of the IV and compare them if theyre different, there is a main effect if theyre the same, there isn’t

Question 4

In an independent 2x2 factorial with 4 cells, how many people are in each cell or condition

Answer 4

each condition or cell has different participants

Question 5

In an within group 2x2 factorial with 4 cells, how many people are in each cell or condition

Answer 5

Each participant is in all 4 conditions or cells

Question 6

In an mixed 2x2 factorial with 4 cells, how many people are in each cell or condition

Answer 6

each participant is in 2 out of the 4 conditions

Question 7

how do you know if there is a 3 way interaction

Answer 7

compare the two 2 way interactions and if they are different there is a 3-way interaction if theyre the same, there isn’t a 3-way interaction

Question 8

what is time series data

Answer 8

data with years, dates, or times, you can make an area or line plot

Question 9

what is numeric data

Answer 9

any kind of data with numbers you can make point plots and histograms

Question 10

what is categorical data

Answer 10

data with two or more groups or categories, you can make bar plots or pie charts

Question 11

geographic data

Answer 11

data with locations or coordinates, you can make maps

Question 12

geospatial data

Answer 12

data with locations ex: latitude, longitude, state, country

Question 13

multimedia data

Answer 13

text, images, audio and video

Question 14

network data

Answer 14

data that shows connections between elements ex: social networks, power grids, cloud networks and internet

Question 15

what is data visualization

Answer 15

the graphical representation of information and data can be graphs, charts, or maps. can be a form of communication and storytelling. a way to organize large quantities of information, a way to assess trends and patterns in data

Question 16

disadvantages to visuals

Answer 16

they can be misinterpreted, and they can be misleading. it may be hard to identify bias or inaccurate info

Question 17

who needs data

Answer 17

everyone it is used in all jobs

Question 18

how can you avoid misleading viewers

Answer 18

make multiple kinds of visuals for the same data set if they look different use your best judgement to pick the best one

Question 19

external validity is most important in what kind of claim

Answer 19

frequency

Question 20

when is the only time random assignment is used

Answer 20

during experimental designs to assess internal validity

Question 21

why use small N designs

Answer 21

collect a lot of data from one person rather than a little from a lot of people

Question 22

what are some advantages of case studies

Answer 22

experimental control, manipulation, studying special cases

Question 23

what are some disadvantages of case studies

Answer 23

internal and external validity

Question 24

stable baseline

Answer 24

multiple time points tested to reveal a stable baseline before the intervention occurs

Question 25

multiple baseline design

Answer 25

Researchers stagger their interventions across situations, times, or contexts

Question 26

reversal design

Answer 26

does behavior revert to baseline after intervention is removed

Question 27

the four validities small n design

Answer 27

internal validity: can be high if study is carefully designed external validity: can be problematic depending on study goals construct validity: can be high if definitions and observations are precise statistical validity: not always relevant to small N studies

Question 28

direct replication

Answer 28

an exact replication researchers try to copy the original study as exactly as possible

Question 29

conceptual replication

Answer 29

tests more than direct replication. changing how the study is implemented and operationalized but asking about the same theory. ex: both study alcohol's effect on aggressive behavior but measure it different

Question 30

replication plus extension

Answer 30

a research group repeats a study with the same variables that were tested but adds additional variables Should we believe the original study or the new study? consider the whole body of evidence before coming to a conclusion

Question 31

replication

Answer 31

one study, many labs OR many labs, many studies

Question 32

if a study is replicable what does that mean

Answer 32

it means it has actually been repeated, not hypothetically

Question 33

why might a study not be replicable

Answer 33

contextually sensitive effects number of replication attempts problems with the original study (ex: small sample size)

Question 34

meta analyses

Answer 34

Paper which takes a series of related studies puts them together and creates a summary of results

Question 35

limitations to meta analyses

Answer 35

File drawer problem: null results and opposite results rarely published Meta-analyses might overestimate the true effect size. Negative results are published way less than positive results so the meta analyses are going to be wrong because it only includes positive P hacking: run as many analyses as possible and the more analyses run, the more likely you are to get a statistically significant result

Question 36

theory testing mode

Answer 36

Investigating whether there is support for a theory Association claims and causal claims while theory testing External validity less important than internal validity Basic research

Question 37

generalization mode

Answer 37

Testing whether the findings generalize Frequency claims are always in generalization mode, association and causal claims in some cases External validity is the primary concern Applied research

Question 38

theory testing uses WEIRD participants what does this stand for and what does this suggest

Answer 38

WEIRD Western Educated Industrialized Rich Democratic This can be a problem with generalizability

Question 39

generalization mode what is the Muller -Lyer illusion

Answer 39

If you show people from different cultures these lines, there are varying results (they see this differently)