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Thoracic cardiology Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

what does the right side of the heart do?

A

receivess blood from SVC and IVC

pumps it to lung for oxygenation

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2
Q

what does the left side of the heart do?

A

recieves blood from lungs

pumps it to body

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3
Q

describe the flow of systemic circulation

A

left atrium past bicuspid to left ventricle

out of heart past aortic valve into aorta

through arteries, then capillaries

through venous system

back to heart via IVC and SVC

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4
Q

describe the flow of pulmonary circulation

A

from SVC and IVC into right atrium past tricuspid valve

into right ventricle out of heart

past pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk

through lungs back into heart via pulmonary veins

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5
Q

what are the layers of the heart

A

epicardium (outermost)

myocardium

endocardium

fibrous skeleton of heart

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6
Q

what is epicardium made up of?

A

visceral serous pericardium

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7
Q

what is myocardium made up of?

A

overlapping layer of muscles

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8
Q

what does a MI come from? what happens?

A

due to blockage of coronary artery, coronary atherosclerosis, buildup of lipids in coronary arteries

size of coronary arteries is reduced, increasing likelihood of embolism

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9
Q

what is angina pectoris?

A

pain that comes from heart, strangling pain in chest

due to narrow or obstructed coronary arteries which causes ischemia

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10
Q

what is the endocardium?

A

thin internal endothelial and subendothelial layer that lines inside of heart chambers

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11
Q

what is the fibroskeleton of heart?

A

attachment points of myocardium

attachment points of cuspid valves

supports AV and semilunar orifices

insulated barrier between atria and ventricles

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12
Q

what makes up the apex of the heart?

A

left ventricle

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13
Q

what makes up the base of the heart?

A

left atrium

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14
Q

what are the 3 surfaces of the heart, what makes them up?

A

sternocostal (right ventricle)

diaphragmatic (right and left ventricles)

pulmonary( right atrium and left ventricle)

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15
Q

what make up the borders of the heart?

A

right (right atrium)

inferior (right ventricle)

left (left ventricle)

superior (right and left atria, exit point for aorta, pulmonary trunk)

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16
Q

what does the right atrioventricular groove transmit?

A

right coronary artery

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17
Q

what does the left atrioventricular groove transmit?

A

coronary sinus

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18
Q

what does the anterior atrioventricular groove transmit?

A

anterior interventricular a and great cardiac v

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19
Q

what does the posterior atrioventricular groove transmit?

A

posterior interventricular a and middle cardiac v

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20
Q

what does the sulcus terminalis correspond to?

A

internal crista terminalis

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21
Q

what is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

remnant of ductus arteriosus

communication between superior pulmonary trunk and inferior arch of aorta

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22
Q

what wraps arounf aortic arch and ligamentum arteriosum before going to larunx?

A

left recurrent laryngeal n

and

vagus n

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23
Q

what are the internal features of right atrium?

A

sinus venarum

pectinate muscles

crista terminalis

interatrial septum

opening for coronary sinus

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24
Q

what is sinus venarum?

A

posterior, thin

where venae cavae and coronary sinus empty

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25
what is the pectinate muscles
anterior, rough
26
what is crista terminalis?
separates smooth and rough regions of right atrium
27
what is contained in interatrial septum?
fossa ovalis
28
what is a septal defect in adults?
incomplete closure of foramen ovale can cause oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood to mix
29
what occludes the right atrioventricular orrifice?
tricuspid valve
30
what are the three cusps of the tricuspid valve, what do they attach to?
anterior, posterior ,septal attach to corresponding papillary m via chorda tendinae
31
what are the main landmarks of the right ventricle?
tricuspid valve trabeculae carnae conus arteriosus pulmonary valve
32
trabeculae carnae contains what?
septomarginal trabeculum , which goes from intervenricular septum to base of anterior papillary m
33
what does septomarginal trabculum do?
transmits right bundle branch of AV bundle to anterior papillary m
34
what does the conus arteriosus do?
leads from right ventricle into pulmonary trunk
35
what makes up the pulmonary valve? what does it seperate
right, left, anterior cusp, seperates right ventricle from pulmonary trunk
36
what is a pulmonary sinus?
between pulmonary trunk and cusp of pulmonary valve
37
what is cardiac catherization?
insert a catheter into femoral vein, pased up IVC to visualie right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk and arteries
38
what does the left atrium contain? how is it different from right atrium?
left auricle, which contains pectinate m openings for pulmonary vein interatrial septum thicker than right
39
what does the eft atrioventricular orifice contain?
bicuspid valve
40
how is the left ventricle different from right ventricle?
thicker
41
what does the left ventricle contain?
bicuspid valve trabecula carnae aortic vestibule IV septum Aortic valve
42
what are the cusps of the mitral valve?
anterior and posterior cusp
43
where does the aortic vestibule lead?
left ventricle to aorta
44
what does the inerventricular septum contain?
has atrioventricular bundle right and left bundle branches subendocardial branches membranous and muscular(larger) parts
45
why are ventricular septal defects relevant?
divergent tissues make up interventricular septum, more susceptible to defects mix oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood
46
what makes up aortic valve? what does it do?
left, right and posterior cusps separates left ventricle from ascending aorta
47
what does the conducting system of the heart consist of ?
cardiac muscle cells, conducting fibers, bundles of nodal tissue that coordinates cardiac cycle
48
what are aortic sinuses?
between wall of ascending aorta and cusps of aortic valve house openings of right and left coronary artery
49
what happens at the beginning of diastole?
closure of aortic and pulmonary valvs due to drop in pressure in ventrivles
50
what happens during early diastole?
AV valves open, flooding ventricles with blood
51
what happens during diastole?
atrial contraction takes place, blood sent to ventricles
52
what happens at the beginning of systole?
AV valves close due to increased pressure in ventricles
53
what happens at early systole?
ventricles contract, increasing pressure, opening aortic and pulmonary valves
54
what happens during systole?
ventricular contraction, expulsion of blood into ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
55
where is SA node located, what does it do?
in myocardium, SVC meets right atrium, small bundle of muscle fivers that initiate and regulate impulses propgate through atrial walls "PACEMAKER OF HEART" "MAKES DIASTOLE"
56
where is AV node located, what does it do?
located in interatrial septum near opening of coronary sinus receives impulse from SA node, sends to ventricles
57
what does the atrioventricular bundle do?
distributes impulse from AV node to right and left AV bundles, which send to subendocardial branches
58
what does the subendocardial branches do?
distribute signal from AV bundles to IV septum, then to papillary muscles, then to ventricular wall "purkinje fibers"
59
what does artifical cardiac pacemaker do?
provides electric impulse that is carried to ventricles via electrodes that are inserted to SVC into right atrium, past tricuspid valve into endocardium of trabecula carnae of right ventricle
60
what is atrial fibrillation?
irregular twitching of atrial cardiac muscle, ventricles respond, circulation is fine
61
what is ventricular fibrillation?
irregular twitching of ventricles that make heart unable to pump blood defibrillation can be done to restart heart
62
what is cardiac referred pain?
ischemia that stimulate viceral pain sensory fibers in heart share ganglion with somatic sensory fibers of upper limb or superior lateral chest wall referred angina pain by left medial brachial cutaneous nerve
63
where is cardiac referred pain felt mostly?
left substernal area, left pectoral area, medial aspect of left upper limb
64
What are the layers of the pericardium?
serous fibrous oblique transverse pericardial sinus
65
what are the parts of the serous pericardium? explain them
parietal: adheres to fibrous visceral: adheres to heart, makes up epicardium?
66
what is so significant about transverse pericardial sinus?
traverses origins of great vessels
67
how is transverse pericardial sinus relevant to surgery?
cardiac surgeons can access area posterior to aorta and pulmonary trunk to clamp bypass into vessels
68
what is pericarditis?
inflammation of pericardium, can calcify, makes pericardium rough
69
what is pericardial effusion?
inflammaion of pericardium, accumulation of fluid, which can compress heart "TAMPONADE"
70
what is pericardiocentesis?
drainage of fluid from pericardial sac, releiving cardiac tamponade

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