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Gross II Unit 2 > Thoracic Wall > Flashcards

Thoracic Wall Flashcards

(97 cards)

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1
Q

Where a major site for red blood cell production (bone marrow) in the thoracic wall?

A

Sternum

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2
Q

What is the widest and thickest part of the sternum?

A

Manubrium

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3
Q

What does the upper border of the manubrium form?

A

Jugular notch

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4
Q

The body of the sternum articulates with what?

A

Second to seventh costal cartilages

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5
Q

Which costal cartilage articulates directly with the manubriosternal joint?

A

Of the second rib

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6
Q

What part of the sternum is sometimes broken during CPR?

A

Xiphoid process

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7
Q

Which part of the sternum is cartilaginous at birth & slowly ossifies throughout life?

A

Xiphoid process

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8
Q

What variation of the xiphoid process is fairly common?

A

Being bifid

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9
Q

Which variation of the xiphoid process is rarely present?

A

Xiphoid foramen

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10
Q

What is formed by the articulation of the manubrium with the body of the sterum?

A

Sternal angle

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11
Q

At what vertebral levels is the sternal angle found?

A

T4 and T5

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12
Q

What is “barrel chest”?

A

More pronounced sternal angles

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13
Q

Barrel chest is common among what condition?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

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14
Q

What is another name for the thoracic inlet?

A

Superior thoracic aperture

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15
Q

What are the three boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet)?

A

Manubrium, first rib, and first thoracic vertebra

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16
Q

What is another name for the thoracic outlet?

A

Inferior thoracic aperture

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17
Q

What are the five boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

Xiphoid process, costal margin, twelfth rib, distal end of the eleventh rib, twelfth thoracic vertebra

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18
Q

Which are the “true ribs”?

A

1-7

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19
Q

Where do the true ribs articulate?

A

Directly with the sternum through their own costal cartilages

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20
Q

Which are the “false ribs”?

A

8-12

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21
Q

Where do ribs 8-10 articulate?

A

Indirectly with the sternum by attaching to the costal cartilage of the rib above

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22
Q

Where do ribs 11 and 12 articulate?

A

They don’t articulate with the sternum at all :) Known as “floating ribs”

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23
Q

Which are “typical ribs”?

A

3-9

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24
Q

Which are “atypical ribs”?

A

1, 2, 10, 11, and 12

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25
What shields the intercostal vein, artery, and nerve of a typical rib?
Costal groove
26
What are the three functions of the thoracic cage?
Protection of thoracic and upper abdominal organs, muscle attachments, and respiration
27
What is the second most important muscle for respiration?
External intercostal muscle
28
What is the origin of the external intercostal muscle?
Lower border of ribs 1-11
29
What is the insertion of the external intercostal muscle?
Upper border of ribs 2-12
30
What is the nerve supply of the external intercostal muscle?
Corresponding intercostal nerve
31
What is the function of the external intercostal muscle?
Elevates the ribs in inspiration
32
How do the fibers run in the external intercostal muscle?
Downward and forward (hands in pockets)
33
Where does the external intercostal muscle begin and end?
Begin at tubercle of rib, end at costochondral joint
34
What replaces the external intercostal muscle where it ends?
External intercostal membrane
35
What is the origin of the internal intercostal muscle?
The upper border of ribs 2-12
36
What is the insertion of the internal intercostal muscle?
The lower border of ribs 1-11
37
What is the nerve supply for the internal intercostal muscle?
Corresponding intercostal nerve
38
What is the function of the internal intercostal muscle?
Depresses the ribs in FORCED expiration
39
Where does the internal intercostal muscle begin and end?
Begin at sternum, end at the angle of the ribs
40
What replaces the internal intercostal muscle where it ends?
Internal intercostal membrane
41
How do the fibers run in the internal intercostal muscle?
Downward and backward
42
What is the origin of the innermost intercostal muscle?
The upper border of ribs 2-12
43
What is the insertion of the innermost intercostal muscle?
The lower border of ribs 1-11
44
What is the nerve supply of the innermost intercostal muscle?
Corresponding intercostal nerve
45
What is the function of the innermost intercostal muscle?
Depresses the ribs in FORCED expiration
46
How do the fibers of the innermost intercostal muscle run?
Downward and backward
47
What is the overall function of ALL intercostal muscles?
Preventing the pushing in or drawing out of the intercostal spaces during respiration
48
What is the origin of the subcostalis muscle?
Inner surface of ribs near their angles
49
What is the insertion of the subcostalis muscle?
Crosses a rib and inserts into the rib above that
50
What is the nerve supply of the subcostalis muscle?
Intercostal nerve
51
What is the function of the subcostalis muscle?
Depresses the ribs in FORCED expiration
52
What other muscle is a part of the innermost costal layer?
Subcostalis
53
Which intercostal muscle skips ribs?
Subcostalis
54
What is the origin of the transversus thoracis muscle?
Posterior surface of the lower sternal body and xiphoid process
55
What is the insertion of the transversus thoracis muscle?
Inner surface of costal cartilages 2-6
56
What is the nerve supply for the transversus thoracis muscle?
Intercostal nerve
57
What is the function of the transversus thoracis muscle?
Depresses the ribs in FORCED expiration
58
What is the blood supply of the anterior aspect of the thoracic wall?
Internal thoracic artery and its branches
59
What is the blood supply of the posterior aspect of the thoracic wall?
Supreme (Superior) intercostal artery, 3-11th posterior intercostal arteries, and subcostal artery
60
What are the branches of the internal thoracic artery?
Pericardiacophrenic, anterior intercostal, musculophrenic, and superior epigastric arteries
61
From where does the internal thoracic artery arise?
Subclavian artery
62
Which branch of the internal thoracic artery accompanies the phrenic nerve?
Percardiacophrenic artery
63
Which branch of the internal thoracic artery supplies the pleura, pericardium, and diaphragm?
Percardiacophrenic artery
64
Which branch of the internal thoracic artery supplies the upper six intercostal spaces and the anatomose with the posterior intercostal arteries?
Anterior intercostal arteries
65
Which branch of the internal thoracic artery is the lateral terminal branch?
Musculophrenic artery
66
Which branch of the internal thoracic artery is the medial terminal branch?
Superior epigastric artery
67
What is the purpose of anastomoses?
Enabling collateral circulation
68
From where does the supreme (superior) intercostal artery arise?
Costocervical trunk
69
What does the supreme (superior) intercostal artery branch into?
First and second posterior intercostal arteries
70
From where do the 3-11 posterior intercostal arteries arise?
Directly from the thoracic aorta
71
From where does the subcostal artery arise?
Thoracic aorta
72
Where is the subcostal artery located?
Below the 12th rib
73
What vein drains the anterior aspect of the thoracic wall?
Internal thoracic vein (into the brachiocephalic vein)
74
What vein drains the posterior aspect of the thoracic wall?
Azygos system of veins
75
What does azygos mean in Greek?
Unpaired
76
Where is the internal thoracic artery located in reference to the internal thoracic vein?
Laterally (VAN)
77
To which vein does the first posterior intercostal vein drain? (both sides)
Brachiocephalic vein
78
What do the second and third posterior intercostal veins join together to form? (both sides)
Superior intercostal vein
79

To which vein does the superior intercostal vein (link between the second and third posterior intercostal veins) drain? (both sides)

Right side - azygos vein

Left side - left brachiocephalic vein

80
To which vein do the 4th-11th posterior intercostal veins and the subcostal vein drain directly? (both sides)
Azygos vein
81
On which side of the body is the azygos vein?
Right
82
On which side of the body are the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins?
Left
83
Which veins join together to form the accessory hemiazygos vein?
4th-8th posterior intercostal veins
84
Which veins joint together to form the hemiazygos vein?
9th-11th posterior intercostal veins
85
The accessory hemiazygos and hemiazygos veins drain into which vein?
Azygos
86
The accessory hemiazygos and hemiazygos veins represent the continuation of which veins?
Right and left ascending lumbar veins
87
What are the crossing areas of the azygos system called?
Superior and inferior right/left shunts
88
What are the anterior primary rami of the first 11 thoracic spinal nerves called?
Intercostal nerves
89
What is the anterior primary rams of the 12th thoracic spinal nerve called?
Subcostal nerve
90
What is the function of the endothoracic fascia?
Preventing the innermost intercostal muscle from rubbing against the parietal pleura
91
What is the thickening of the fascia over the apex of the lung called?
Suprapleural membrane
92
What are the 12 layers (in order) of the thoracic wall?
Skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, serratus anterior, external intercostal muscle, internal intercostal muscle, innermost intercostal muscle, endothoracic fascia, parietal pleura, pleural cavity, visceral pleura, lung
93
The vascular structures of the thoracic wall lie between which layers?
Internal intercostal muscle and innermost intercostal muscle
94
Which layer of the thoracic wall covers the lung directly?
Visceral pleura
95
What is significant about the suprapleural membrane?
It prevents the puncturing of the lung during a rib or clavicle fracture
96
What vascular structures does a typical intercostal space contain (superior to inferior)?
Intercostal vein, intercostal artery, intercostal nerve
97
What partially shields the vascular structures of the intercostal space?
Costal groove of the rib

Gross II Unit 2 (10 decks)

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