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Thorax 3 Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Fibroserous sac that
encloses the heart and
roots of great vessels

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of pericardium?

A

-Fibrous pericardium
-Serous pericardium

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3
Q

What are the 2 layers of the serous pericardium?

A

-Parietal layer
-Visceral layer

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4
Q

What is the shape of the fibrous pericardium?

A

Cone-shaped

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5
Q

What does the fibrous pericardium surround?

A

Surrounds the heart and roots of great vessels

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6
Q

What is the base of the fibrous pericardium attached to?

A

Its base is attached to middle part
of diaphragm’s central tendon and to
part of the left muscular dome

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7
Q

What is the apex of the fibrous pericardium continuous with?

A

Its apex is continuous with the
adventitia of the great vessels

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8
Q

How is the fibrous pericardium attached to sternum’s posterior surface?

A

Attached to sternum’s posterior
surface via sternopericardial
ligaments

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9
Q

What ligament attaches the fibrous pericardium to the xiphoid process?

A

Xipho-pericardial ligament

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10
Q

Where does the parietal layer of the pericardium lie?

A

Lies against the
internal surface of
the fibrous
pericardium

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11
Q

Where does the visceral later of the pericardium lie?

A

Lies against the
external surface of the
heart

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12
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

Space between
parietal and visceral
layers

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13
Q

What fluid does the pericardial cavity contain

A

Contains minimal serous fluid

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14
Q

What layers make up the heart wall?

A

-Visceral serous
-Myocardium
-Endocardium

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15
Q

What is the course of the phrenic nerve within the thorax?

A

The phrenic nerve descends
anterior to the pulmonary
hilum between the fibrous
pericardium and mediastinal
pleura, accompanied by the
pericardiacophrenic vessels

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16
Q

What does fibrous pericardium and parietal serous pericardium receive sensory innervation from?

A

Fibrous pericardium &
parietal serous
pericardium receive
sensory innervation from
the phrenic nerve

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17
Q

What can irritation of fibrous pericardium lead to?

A

referred pain to dermatomes of
phrenic nerve’s roots

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18
Q

How many surfaces does the heart have and what are they?

A

The heart has 4 surfaces:
* Sternocostal surface
(anteriorly)
* Right pulmonary surface
-Faces the right lung
* Left pulmonary surface
-Faces the left lung
* Diaphragmatic surface
(inferiorly)

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19
Q

Where is the base of the heart located?

A

Directed posteriorly

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20
Q

Where is the apex of the heart positioned?

A

The apex of the heart is positioned
deep to the left 5th intercostal space

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21
Q

What does the coronary sulcus seperate?

A

Separates the atria from the ventricles

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22
Q

What does the right atrium form?

A

Forms the entire right border of the
heart

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23
Q

What nodes does the right atrium contain?

A
  • Contains the SA node
  • Contains the AV node
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24
Q

What does the right atrium open into and via what valve?

A

Opens in the right ventricle via the
right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid
valve)

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25
What 3 veins does the right atrium receive blood from?
* Superior vena cava (SVC) * Inferior vena cava (IVC) * Coronary sinus
26
Where does the right atrium project from?
Projects anteriorly from the right atrium’s superior corner
27
What are pectinate muscles?
Irregular horizontal muscle ridges
28
What are crista terminalis?
C-shaped ridge
29
What is the crista terminalis important in locating?
Important landmark in locating the sites where veins enter the right atrium
30
Where is the opening of the superior vena cava located in relation to the crista terminalis?
Opening of SVC is posterior to crista terminalis’ superior bend
31
Where is the opening of IVC located in relation to crista terminalis?
Opening of IVC is posterior to crista terminalis’ inferior bend
32
Where is the opening of the coronary sinus located in relation to the crista terminalis?
Anterior to the inferior end of crista terminalis
33
What is the fossa ovaus?
Depression in interatrial septum
34
What spot does the fossa ovaus mark?
Marks the spot where foramen ovale existed
35
What is the most anterior surface of the heart?
Right ventricle
36
What ate trabeculae carnae?
Irregular muscular ridges on the walls of the ventricle
37
How do chordae tendineae project?
Project superiorly from papillary muscles to tricuspid valve’s cusps
38
What are papillary muscles?
Trabeculae carnae with only one end attached to the ventricular surface
39
What do papillary muscles serve as?
Serve as a point of attachment for the chordae tendinaeq
40
What are the 3 groups of papillary muscles in the right ventricle?
-Anterior -Posterior -Septal
41
What are papillary muscles named relative to?
Named relative to their point of origin on the ventricular surface
42
Where is the right atrioventricular valve located?
Located at junction between right atrium and ventricle
43
How many cusps does the right atrioventricular valve have?
3 cusps
44
How many cusps does the pulmonary valve have?
Has 3 semilunar cusps
45
What forms almost entirely posterior surface of the heart?
Left atrium
46
What does the left atrium receive and from where?
Receives oxygenated blood from the 4 pulmonary veins
47
What shape is the left auricile?
Triangular shaped
48
What lines the left auricle?
Pectinate muscles line the left auricle only
49
What does the left atrium open into the left ventricle via?
Via the bicuspid valve
50
What does the left ventricle form?
Forms heart's apex
51
What does the left ventricle dominate?
Dominates heart's inferior surface
52
What does the left ventricle dominate?
Dominates heart’s inferior surface
53
What does the left ventricle contribute to?
Contributes to anterior and left pulmonary surfaces
54
Where does the left ventricle lie?
Lies anterior to left atrium
55
What are the 2 groups of papillary muscles in the left ventricle?
-Anterior -Posterior
56
How many cusps does the bicuspid valve have?
2 cusps
57
What does the aortic valve facilitate?
Facilitates the passage of blood from left ventricle to ascending aorta
58
Where do you auscultate for the tricuspid valves?
Left of the lower part of sternum near 5th intercostal space
59
Where do you auscultate for the bicuspid valves?
Over heart’s apex in the left fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line.
60
Where do you auscultate for the pulmonary valve?
Medial end of left 2nd intercostal space
61
Where do you ascultate for the aortic valve?
Medial end of right 2nd intercostal space
62
What is the cardiac silhouette?
Outline of the heart as seen on frontal and lateral chest radiographs
63
What can the cardiac silhouette be divided into?
-Right and left borders
64
What is the right border of the cardiac silhouette formed by?
The right border is formed by the right atrium * Superior vena cava entering superiorly and the inferior vena cava often seen at its lower margin
65
What is the left border of the cardiac silhouette formed by?
The left border is formed by the left ventricle and left auricle * Pulmonary artery
66
What are the 5 great vessels of the heart?
* Superior vena cava * Inferior vena cava * Pulmonary Trunk * Ascending Aorta * Arch of Aorta
67
What is the superior vena cava formed by the union of?
Formed by the union of the right & left brachiocephalic veins
68
Where does the superior vena cava receive its systemic blood from?
Receives systemic blood from all body regions superior to the diaphragm excluding the heart wall
69
What does the inferior half of the superior vena cava lie within?
Its inferior half lies within the fibrous pericardium
70
What is the inferior vena cava formed by the union of?
Formed by the union of the right & left common iliac veins at L5
71
Where does the inferior vena cava receive its blood flow from?
Returns blood to the heart from all regions of the body inferior to the diaphragm
72
At what vertebrae level does the inferior vena cava pass through the diaphragm?
Passes through the diaphragm at the vertebral level of T8
73
Where does the superior half of the inferior vena cava lie?
Its superior half lies within the fibrous pericardium
74
Where does the pulmonary trunk lie?
Lies anterior and to the left of the ascending aorta
75
What does the pulmonary trunk divide into?
Divides into right and left pulmonary arteries
76
Where does the right pulmonary artery lie?
Right pulmonary artery lies posterior to ascending aorta & superior vena cava
77
Where does the left pulmonary artery lie?
Left pulmonary artery lies inferior to arch of aorta
78
Where does the ascending aorta arise from and how many cm does it ascend?
Arises from the left ventricle and ascends ~5cm
79
Where does the ascending aorta begin?
Begins posterior to the pulmonary trunk
80
What are the 3 branches the aortic arch gives off?
-Brachiocephalic trunk -Left common carotid artery -Left subclavian artery
81
What does the brachiocephalic trunk further branch off to?
-Right subclavian artery -Right common carotid
82
What do the coronary arteries arise from?
Arise from the aortic sinuses in the ascending aorta
83
Where does the right coronary artery originate from?
Originates from right aortic sinus of ascending aorta
84
What does the right coronary artery run in?
Runs in the coronary sulcus
85
How does the right coronary artery run at the inferior margin of the heart?
At the inferior margin of the heart, it turns posteriorly and continues onto the diaphragmatic and base of of the heart
86
What does the right coronary artery supply?
-Right atrium -Right ventricle -SA and AV nodes -Interatrial septum -Parts of left atrium and ventricle -Posteroinferior 1/3rd of interventricular septum
87
What are the branches of the right coronary artery?
-Atrial branch -Right marginal branch -Posterior interventricular branch -
88
What does the atrial branch of the right coronary artery branch into and what does it supply?
Atrial branch branches to SA nodal branch *Supplies SA node
89
What does the right marginal branch supply?
Supplies right ventricle
90
What does the posterior interventricular branch supply?
Supplies posteroinferior 1/3rd of interventricular septum
91
What are the branches of the left coronary artery?
-Anterior interventricular artery -Left marginal artery
92
What is the anterior interventricular artery also known as?
Left anterior descending(LAD)
93
How does LAD run?
Runs in the anterior interventricular sulcus
94
What does LAD supply?
Supplies anterior walls of both ventricles & interventricular septum
95
What is the left marginal artery also known as?
Left circumflex artery
96
What does the left circumflex artery supply?
Supplies left atrium and posterior part of left ventricle
97
What are the cardiac veins?
* Coronary sinus * Great cardiac vein * Middle cardiac vein * Small cardiac vein * Anterior cardiac veins * Posterior cardiac vein
98
What does the anterior cardiac vein drain into
Directly into the right atrium
99
What does the coronary sinus receive blood from?
* Great cardiac vein * Middle cardiac vein * Small cardiac vein * Posterior cardiac veins
100
What cardiac veins run in the anterior interventricular sulcus?
-Anteriorinterventricular artery -Great cardiac vein
101
What cardiac veins run in the posterior interventricular sulcus?
Posterior ventricular artery & Middle cardiac vein running in the posterior interventricular sulcus
102
What determines coronary dominance?
* The coronary artery giving rise to the posterior interventricular artery

Anatomy (12 decks)

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